NROSCI 0080 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideStudy Guide for Brain and BehaviorIntroduction to behavior and the brainGall and Flourens- Gall: brain has at least 35 domains that correspond to specific mental functions (self-esteem, secretiveness, etc). Increased use would increase size. - Flourens: ablation technique, localization of function (believe Flourens) Anatomy (what makes up the CNS and PNS)- Brain and Spinal Cordo Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cordo Occipital: back, visiono Temporal: temple, hearing, aspects of learning, memory and emotiono Parietal: top, somatic sensation, perception of the bodyo Frontal: front, planning and directing actions, controlling movement Central sulcus: separates frontal from parietal lobes Pre-central gyrus: primary motor cortex, frontal lobe Post-central gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe Corpus callosum: between the two hemispheresMicroanatomy of NeuronsStructure of the Neuron:- Cell body: integrates information- Dendrites: receive messages from the axons of other neurons- Axons: carries information to be passed to other cells- Cytoplasm: all the fluid inside the neuron, intracellular fluid- Mitochondria: breaks down glucose and provides cell with ATP, many scattered throughout whole neuron- Neurofilaments: located under outer membrane of neuron, internal skeleton \- Microtubules: conveyor belts for vesicles and proteins for transport within the neuron- Nucleus: executive office, center of soma, contains chromosomes- Rough ER: used for assembling proteins- Ribosomes: on rough ER, read genetic codes of RNA and assemble proteins- Golgi apparatus: wraps up proteins inside vesicles (small) and cisterns (large), delivered to microtubules and shipped to other regions of the neuron - Plasma membrane: surrounds the cytoplasm and axoplasm, forms soft wall of the neuron, including soma, dendrites, and axono Made in a phospholipid bilayer Synapses- Point of contact between neuronso Presynaptic is axon, full of little round vesicles that open up to let out the chemical transmitterso Presynaptic is dendrites, receives the neuro transmitterso Synaptic cleft: Narrow space inside the synapseGlia, blood vessels and CSFGlia- Ependymal cells: secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- Astrocytes: structural support, regulate blood flow increases, scar tissue formation- Microglia: defensive, aid in cell repair- Oligodendrocytes: forms myelin around axons in the CNS- Schwann cells: forms myelin around axons in PNSBlood VesselsBlood Brain Barrier: Tight junctions between the cells that compose blood vessels in the brain, barrier of large molecule entryCapillaries are non-fenestrated in the brainAreas with reduced/ absent BBB- Pineal Gland: day/night cycles- Pituitary Gland: secretes hormones- Area Postrema: “vomiting center”CSF- Dura Mater: tough outer layer of fibrous tissue- Arachnoid Mater: thin sheet of delicate connective tissueso Subarachnoid space: fluid filled space containing large blood vessels on surface of CNS- Pia Mater: moderately tough inner layer that clings to brain’s surface- Lateral ventricle: within telencephalon (cortex, limbic system)- Third ventricle: within diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)- Cerebral aqueduct: within mesencephalon (midbrain)- Fourth ventricle: within pons and medulla- Central canal: within spinal cordo Where are they located- Cerebrospinal fluid: continuous production by special networks of capillaries and ependymal cells inside the ventricles- Flows front to back, excess fluid flows to subarachnoid space and into venous system, then reenters the blood streamHow neurons communicate- Ion: Single atoms of elements that have a positive or negative electrical charge when dissolved in watero Cation: positively charged ions Sodium, potassium, calcium (Na, K, Ca)o Anion: negatively charged ions Chloride, large organic anions (Cl, A)- Excitatory Post-synaptic Potential (EPSP): signal that is able to open gated ion channels and allow ions to flow through polar membranes and cause depolarization- Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential (IPSP): causes hyperpolarizationo Depolarization: excitation/ stimulationo Hyperpolarization: inhibitory - Electrical gradient: positive Na+ ions outside the cell are driven to enter the negatively charged areas inside the neuron; negative ions inside the neuron are driven to leave the cell and enter more positive extracellular fluid- Chemical gradient: Lots of Cl- outside the cell, very little inside, lots of K+ inside, very little outside - Ligand-gated channels: open when chemicals bind - Voltage-gated channels: open or close only at specific membrane voltageso Ligand-gated located on dendrites, opened by neurotransmitterso Voltage-gated located along cell body, opened by specific voltages- Action Potential: Nerve impulse, carries electrical signals from a neuron’s cell body to the tip of the axon so that it can release the chemical neurotransmitter onto the next neuron’s circuit- Myelin increases the speed of the action potential Development of the Nervous SystemEarly Development- Ectoderm forms the neural plate- Bottom of the neural plate grows more rapidly causing edges to rise up, forming neural groove- Tops of neural groove meet and fuse forming the neural tubeCell guidance- Cells migrate inside-out, directed by signals from other developing cells in the neuron’s environment- How do axons know where to go?o Nerve Growth Factoro Chemoaffinity hypothesis: Neurons make connections based on markers- Some neurons die during development o Trophic factor: Attraction chemicals released from targets to guide axons towards themPostnatal development- Critical Period: Period of synapse formation, sensory influences impact how neurons communicate with each other, lack of sensory input can lead to cell death, increased sensory input can increase functionDisorderso Spina bifida: lower portion of neural tube does not close, serious motor problemso Anencephaly: top portion of neural tube does not close, failure of forebrain to develop, infants die soon after birthControl of Movement- Acetylcholine (ACh)o Is it excitatory or inhibitoryo Excitatory o What is acetylcholinesterase It is an enzyme Removes ACh from the synaptic cleft- Agonist: natural or synthetic chemicals that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter- Antagonist: natural or synthetic chemicals that block or reduce the effects of a neurotransmitter- Knee tap, when the patellar