1 Unit 1 Review questions Lectures 2 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 1 What are the main divisions of the nervous system Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System somatic autonomic sympathetic parasympathetic 2 What are the functions of the nervous system Sensory functions get and integrate information about the world and create a sensory reality Motor functions control movements Plasticity adapt to the world by changing the physical or chemical properties to adapt to the environmental change or to compensate for injury 3 What brain divisions are based on the surface features Cerebrum cerebellum brain stem 4 What brain divisions are based on brain development and evolution Forebrain end brain between brain Midbrain Hindbrain 5 What is gray and white matter Gray matter is formed by the cell bodies of neuronal cells White matter is formed by the fibers of neuronal cells 6 What are the main parts of the end brain Cortex corpus callosum limbic system basal ganglia olfactory bulb 7 What is the cortex What are the main anatomical divisions of the cortex The cortex is the outer 2 4 mm of the cerebrum made up of gray matter The main anatomical divisions are 4 lobes frontal temporal parietal and occipital 8 Define gyrus and sulcus Gyri are protrusions on the surface of the cortex and sulci are depressions on the surface of the cortex They both serve to increase surface area 9 Describe location and function of the precentral and the postcentral gyrus The precentral gyrus is located in the frontal lobe and contains the primary motor cortex The post central gyrus is located in the parietal lobe and contains the somatosensory area of the cortex 10 What is primary and association cortex 11 Locate primary sensory and motor cortices in the brain 12 What is the corpus callosum The corpus callosum is the white matter that connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum 13 What is the limbic system Describe all the structures their location and functions The limbic system is a group of structures between the cortex and the brain stem in the endbrain The principle structures are the amygdala the hippocampus and the cingulate cortex Overalll the limbic system functions in emotion memory sexual behaviors and motivation Amygdala almond shaped set of neurons located deep within the temporal lobe functions in emotional memory damage leads to striking change in emotional behavior become more sexually active Hippocampus located in medial temporal lobe functions in memory storage and transferring memories from short to long term storage Limbic Cingulate Cortex located in the cingulate gyrus between the cerebral hemispheres three to four layers of gray matter atop white matter functions in emotional processing and rewarding properties of drugs and other addictive substances all function in emotional and sexual behaviors memory 14 What are location and functions of the basal ganglia Basal ganglia are accumulations of gray matter inside the hemispheres beneath the white matter of the cerebral cortex in the endbrain They have three principal structures the caudate nucleus the putamen and the globus pallidus They function mainly to control certain aspects of voluntary movement along with the thalamus substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus There is another part of the basal ganglia called the nucleus accumbens It functions in reward pleasure motivation etc and is the main center for addiction 15 What are location and functions of thalamus and hypothalamus The thalamus and hypothalamus are located in the between brain Thalamus one in each hemisphere works closely with the cortex gateway for channeling sensory info to the cortex information integration and relate to appropriate area of cortex helps with the processing of visual auditory somatosensory and gustatory information NOT smell important for homeostatic behavior Hypothalamus located beneath and to the left of the thalamus found in both hemispheres lying bilaterally along brain s midline it s the first place sensory info goes control body s production of hormones through connections with pituitary gland takes part in nearly all aspects of behavior including feeding sexual behavior temp regulation movement etc 16 What is the pituitary gland What is the pineal gland What do they have in common The pituitary gland releases hormones that affect growth sexual development metabolism and reproduction It is closely linked with the hypothalamus The pineal gland releases hormones as well specifically melatonin for sleep control Both of these areas lack the blood brain barrier because they need to be able to secrete hormones directly into the blood 17 What are location and functions of the midbrain What are the 2 main parts of the midbrain What is the cavity of the midbrain The midbrain is the central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing as well as orienting movements The two main parts are the tectum and tegmentum Tectum roof located dorsally sensory component receives a lot of info from the eyes and ears produces orienting movements and reflexes Tegmentum floor located ventrally associated with movement related functions neurons here produce dopamine to send to basal ganglia too much leads to addictions contains substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area VTA The cavity of the midbrain is the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles 18 What are location and functions of medulla pons and cerebellum Located in the hindbrain Medulla controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate very important Pons connects cerebellum to the rest of the body controls important movements of body Cerebellum Important in controlling complex movements and has a role in cognitive functions larger cerebellum more quick coordinated movements 19 Describe the 4 brain ventricles and the cerebral aqueduct What do they contain The ventricles are wing shaped and connected The cells that line the ventricles make cerebrospinal fluid that fills the ventricles The cerebral aqueduct is a canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord and connects the third and fourth ventricals 20 What are the meninges What parts of the nervous system do they protect Meninges are layers of protective connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord The three layers are dura mater arachnoid and pia mater 21 What is the anatomy of the spinal cord Define ventral and dorsal horns ventral and dorsal roots spinal segments