PSY 388 03 TERM PAPER Questions and responses attached to paper Are not part of the 3 4 pages Evaluate Reflect on what you learned from this assignment Do you agree disagree with what they said Use direct quotations to provide examples 1 full page no less Format Sections Heading Family Expectations 2 3 pages Introduction of person WEAK EVIDENCE RELATED TO HOMOSEXUALITY Biological heterosexuals o Genetic if identical twin was gay 20 of other pair were not o Prenatal atypical levels of sex hormones too much or too little exposure to androgens produce brain structure change variations develop non heterosexual sexual orientation transgender individuals o Gay males more likely to be later born males o Homosexual brain real structure difference Environmental Learned behavior Relationship component not taken into Disturbed parental relationship Maybe father was absent Seduced at a young age by an older person of one s own sex No clear or sufficient evidence No consensus on what constitutes homosexuality But more support for genetic argument that perhaps homosexually may be account biological STIGMATIZATION STRESS AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION Stigma devaluation of those perceived different Strong stigmatization still exists o Gays lesbians still not comfortable being open o Gays at greater risk of HIV AIDS o Gay lesbian teens at greater risk for depression suicide and substance A human characteristic of belonging exists among us Gay lesbian suffer from a lot abuse of discrimination YouTube Imagine A World Where Being Gay The Norm Being Straight https www youtube com watch v CnOJgDW0gPI ATYPICAL AND ABNORMAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Gender Role Identity perception of self as psychologically male or female Transgender ed biological sex does not match gender identity i e psychological sex PSY 388 03 Transsexuals have undergone hormonal or surgical treatments to align biological sex to gender identity o Some identify as transgendered Intersex persons born with ambiguous both genitalia o Typically one of the organs is not developed and does not function as properly Atypical abnormal pattern if seen as such by those engaging in the behaviors o Fetishism aroused by inanimate objects o Transvestism dress in clothes of opposite sex does not necessarily have to consider himself transgender FORCED SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Deviant sexual behavior o Rape forced sexual act majority raped are women 1 raped every 6 minutes in the U S o Rape is not about sexuality it s about exerting power dominance o Most by someone they knew well o Similar patterns across age ethnic groups places of residence levels of education and marital groups o About power not sexuality o Rape Trauma Syndrome serious psychological effects society blames victims promotes this myth that rape is about sexuality Rape has a profound effect on the individuals MYTHS FACTS Going to man s place on first date implies wanting sex Women report false rapes for attention Healthy woman can resist rapist Resisting may worsen the event Women going braless or wearing short skirts are asking for trouble Due to society fewer men may report being raped APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY Date Rape Nothing implied rapists distort perceptions to fit their beliefs Women rarely report false rape it s traumatic Rapes are brutal and violent resistance may worsen event No victim asks for it rapists responsible for own action o Most victims are female with male offenders o Common on college campuses about 1 3 of all women estimated to have experienced it o Many begin with miscommunication female friendliness mistaken for sexual advances due to differing beliefs and attitudes about sex o Perpetrator usually well liked charming do not stop sexual advances and may become angry at rejection PSY 388 03 o Alcohol plays a part Lowers inhibitions Often increases sexual interest Affects choices made allows avoiding of personal responsibility It is rape when she he says NO If it is not clear that she he consented she he has not consented If she he is drunk or high she cannot consent GUIDELINES For Women Men RELATIONSHIPS FRIENDSHIPS Development of Styles o Children segregate themselves according to gender early in development No distinction until 3 years o Until then cross gender play Segregation o 4 and after through middle childhood o Responsiveness and sharing reserved most for same sex friends Both sexes name friends even best friends Development of Styles o Activity preferences by sex Boys larger groups tend to play outdoors Girls seek and value intimacy more Contributes to segregation o Racial preferences Not as often seen in childhood More often in high school and beyond SAME SEX FRIENDSHIPS Are friendships between males stronger and deeper than those between females Assumption friendships between males are stronger than those between females What do we mean by stronger o of friends o Level of Intimacy If this is the idea maybe women s may be stronger but then we may be lead to defining intimacy PSY 388 03 Compared to females males tend to have more friends Female friendship tend to be more intimate FRIENDSHIPS OVER THE LIFE SPAN Intimacy increases during adolescence Men tend to avoid intimate male friendships o Why Macho overtones but with suppression of emotion o Fear of homosexual interpretations Begins in mid childhood WHAT IS AN ADULT FRIEND Someone who o There when in need o Not afraid to tell you the truth o Have fun with o Much more Friendship mutual relationship in which those involved influences one another s behaviors and beliefs o Friendship Quality satisfaction derived from the relationship HOW DO WE CREATE FRIENDSHIP Self disclosure one important way Social Penetration Theory proper pacing of disclosure is important to avoid over or under sharing Mutual disclosure you want the other individual to share disclose info too Troubled friendships are marked by lessening of disclosure SELF DISCLOSURE INTIMACY Typically what happens when we self disclose to friends Learn more about each other increases intimacy Women self disclose more than men do Women are recipients of self disclosure they receive more Women s relationships may provide more emotional intimacy Men engage in less physical contact with friends than do women in North American cultures Women are more likely to view friends as rivals for mates RELATIONSHIP TYPES AND ISSUES Friendships Friendships in Adulthood PSY 388 03 o Three broad themes underlie adult friendships 1 Affective or emotional basis Self disclosure expressions