Lecture The Consolidation of Europe Questions to Consider What was the transition of England into a feudal system like What were its challenges How did popes rise to hold new forms of political power and influence in the Middle Ages The Making of Medieval Monarchies A The Norman conquest of England 1 Feudalism in England Reconstructed feudal system England becomes feudal monarchy Pyramid type hierarchy 2 William the Conqueror Divided 5 6 of the land kept 1 6 for himself believed he d always be receiving rent from those who lived on his land Believed this would stabilize the country 3 William and the Pope William promised homage to the pope Pope publicly announced he supported Williams claim to England B Feudal monarchy in England 1 The rise of administrative kingship Mixing monarchy with government beurocracy King surrounded by administers who serve like workers of a business and the king as the owner 2 Henry I Took admin kingship and developed it Clerks of the EXchequer men who are low level government beurocracy who sit in office of EXchecker and keep track of finance chancler of EXchecker do accounting Sets up how court system would work with circuit court judges held hearings for the worst of crimes Starts to recreate England and stabilize kingdom Strengthened anglosaxon system Executive and judicial power to sheriffs UNTILLLL Gave birth to English common law descendent of roman law called common law because laws are applicable to ALL people English common law is still practiced today Punishments given in different locations could be very different but circuit traveling judges that visit different regions become precedent C The reign of Henry II Succeeds Steven and brings things back to normal 1 Ruler of Normandy Anjou Maine and Aquitaine Henry II ruled all 4 Wife is richest woman on earth owns Aquitaine was originally married to king of France but divorces him and becomes queen of England when marrying Henry II Puts down all rebellion militarily and reestablishes order 2 Orders juries of local men to report under oath every violation of the laws Creates system of jury trials Orders 12 man juries permanent position as long as alive Juries act as investigative bodies Private hearings with evidence and decide if state should pursue trial 3 Origin of the grand jury 4 Writs Royal commands Anyone could request a writ aside from women and non property owners More severe crimes had to take place in a royal court and had to be paid for 5 Tried to reform operation of Church courts Originally church judged crimes until Henry II changed this Church hierarchy couldn t be tried for crime in civil court only in church courts 6 Thomas Becket Archbishop of Cannabary Highest clergyman if Roman Catholic Church Good friends with Henry II they meet and Henry II tells plan that clergymen will be charged as clerks but becket disagrees and argue net breaks out Thomas Becket openly defies Henry II after he created Constitution of Clarendon if church finds someone guilty that individual must be passed down to one of Henry s court church thought it was unfair but many people supported it and is exiled 7 Henry forced to surrender several of his claims Pope convinces Henry to surrender claims from Constitution of Clarendon Henry then invites Becket back but he is sort of a troublemaker now and Henry becomes upset and says he wishes becket would be gone forever under his breath and knights hear this and kill him 8 Richard the Lionheart Henry II son Richard was left with a very strong and stable kingdom but wasn t a great king aside from military skill Was greatest living knight otherwise contributes nothing to kingdom Brother John tries to take over his kingdom in Richards absence but never manages D The reign of King John and the Magna Carta 1 Background 2 Pressed feudal rights to their limit 3 Failed military expedition to France Lost everything except his mothers aqueduct of France including Normandy which was his decent and ancestral homeland 4 The magnates rebel Magnates most important people Upset that he has lost everything especially Normandy 5 Magna Carta Magnates make John sign this which includes paying taxes entitlement to trial by jury of peers no arbitrary arrest right to represent yourself if king wants to call for taxes right to representatives council of barrens Laws for the higher class Moves towards constitutional monarchy 6 Parliament Impose rules of the Magma Carta The Dominion of the Church Development of church or canon law Great chain of being was based upon interpreting canon law Donation of Constantine He grants all the power of the Roman Empire to the Pope Doctrine of two swords First held by the Pope A The reign of Innocent III model Pope for that time period 1 Background and election He as a highly successful administrator trained in canon law whose main goal was to unify all Christendom Innocent III is said to be the best Pope 2 Goal was to unify Christendom 3 Founded the Papal States 4 Innocent III and Frederick II 5 Fourth Lateran Council Innocent orders for this council to occur and he is the chair Was for people to claim that the Pope was supreme and he cannot make a mistake whatever he does is right Popes of the thirteenth century 1 Popes after Innocent III as rulers 2 Conflicts with Frederick II 3 Popes enhanced power of Church government Decline of the papal monarchy 1 Boniface VIII 2 Power Shift