GESCHICHTE 150 Friday October 25 2013 OUTLINE The Aftermath of World War I The war ended at 11 00 on November 11 1918 Human cost statistics handout from Wednesday Commemoration of the war dead War memorials Rolls of Honour 1st Armistice Day November 11 1919 new ritual introduced at 11 00 a m in Britain Disability statistics handout British disability pension scheme handout Facial injuries the French called these men the men with the broken faces Francis Derwent Wood The Peace Settlement the Treaty of Versailles handout Reflections on the war Sigmund Freud handout NOTES 1 2 German soldiers killed in war were 25 years and younger Statistics Honoring the Dead Casualties will lead to a huge movement to commemorate the war dead TQ Common trend of war memorials inscribing names of the war dead based on the town in which the memorial sits every individual should be given their due and be recognized for their sacrifice November 11 1919 becomes the 1st Armistice Day Veterans Day in U S TQ At 11 00 am Britain everyone in the country and its empire would observe 2 minutes of silence Image photograph War memorial in Britain typical stone statue with pedestal cross is a common motif Placed in prominent location in town Bronze soldiers are common as well Image photograph War memorial coat of arms GESCHICHTE 150 Friday October 25 2013 Base of the memorial contains the names of the soldiers who died of the particular town alphabetical order not status or rank Rolls of Honour railway station Men who worked for the railway station and who died during the war Image photograph Image photograph Working men take off their hats and observe the moment of silence even in the middle of their working day Trains would stop the textile factories would stop United States 9 11 tragedy is observed with moments of silence for the individual towers Disabilities 1 5 million German men were disabled Men were granted compensation for their service and their sacrifices Monetary based on loss of body parts or a combination of body parts more injuries meant more compensation although they were still very meager 100 compensation loss of two or more limbs Others Loss of an eye and arm leg Loss of feet hand or a foot Fingers or thumbs Permanent disability Facial disfigurement We re only responsible for the body parts you must rely on the public and charity Facial Disfigurement A young man looks in the mirror and sees nothing more than a living gargoyle Men committed suicide depression Francis Derwent Wood British sculptor before the war used artistic talent to sculpt facial masks for disfigured men pioneer Galvanized copper used for material covered with enamel painted to match the skin tone of the veteran could weigh between 4 9 ounces thin lightweight Painful and uncomfortable to wear the masks although the men commented that their emotional distress were helped by them loved ones did not look at them with repulsion etc Group of British soldiers sitting in chairs Class of 1914 1918 Men are amputees most of them missing both of their legs Image photograph Image photograph Lieutenant Wallace Canadian soldier Right side of face burned off requested to have facial reconstruction surgery Before 3 days after admission and after 3 years later Multiple surgeries skin grafting men often underwent 50 surgeries to repair the damage GESCHICHTE 150 Friday October 25 2013 Images photograph Before French veteran did not request surgery face burned and broken After facial mask was constructed sitting smoking a cigarette Politics and Peace Woodrow Wilson came to the conference as an idealist looking for a fair and just peace and the idea of peace without victory essentially a peace settlement that was good to all sides including Germany Clemenceau disagreed 1 3 million French men were killed much of France was destroyed came to the conference looking for revenge and security from any future German aggression D L George also disagreed Germany must pay mantra back home Ultimately the perspective of Clemenceau and George beats Wilson Provisions handout 1 Germany will lose its colonies 2 Germany is required to surrender territory in Europe 3 The Rhineland along the boundary of Germany and France is to be a demilitarized zone French security 4 Germany is to abandoned air force reduce its army and cut back the navy 5 war guilt clause Germany has to accept responsibility for starting the war and therefore must make reparation payments ultimately the country would pay 5 billion dollars every year until 1921 and then 30 billion for war damages for the following years a ONLY RECENTLY PAID OFF IN 2011 HOLY SCHEI E German delegates were not present at the negotiations but were ordered to sign or else later called by German peoples the Dictated Peace This isn t a peace it is a 20 year truce Sigmund Freud prompted by war to think about human beings Determines that humans are aggressive violent beings Image photograph The four really three men responsible for brokering the Peace Settlement known as the Treaty of Versailles Decisions made by the BIG THREE David Lloyd George Britain prime minister Georges Clemenceau France Woodrow Wilson United States president Image political cartoon The Big Three and Germany Clemenceau arms the guillotine George stands nearby with the treaty and Wilson also stands nearby in protest Germany let with hands tied to the guillotine