GESCHICHTE 150 Monday October 14 2013 OUTLINE Tools continued 2 iron hulled steamboats 3 European weapons Menelik II of Ethiopia defeated the Italians in 1896 Leopold II s Rubber Terror in the Congo 1885 1908 Leopold II ruthlessly exploited this colony His private colony actions of his agents and the militia Imperial Culture British children and imperialism Exhibitions 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris Imre Kiralfy s imperial exhibitions NOTES Conquest of Africa Tools of the Empire Iron Hulled Steamboats 2 Powered by steam advance in boating technology replaced wooden vessels Image photograph of Goodwill The British missionary steamboat Goodwill typically of craft on the river 3 Maxim machine gun Image photograph Hiriam Maxim posing with gun Image photograph British troops in South Africa maxim gun group Fighting African armies with fewer men but more powerful weaponry 1898 the Battle of Omdurman in the Sudan 20 000 British troops vs 50 000 Sudanese 20 maxim guns lasted 5 hours 25 000 Sudanese casualties 11 000 killed wounded slightly under 500 British casualties 48 killed Colonial battles were more like hunting than actual fighting Monday October 14 2013 GESCHICHTE 150 Image painting Battle of Omdurman British troops lined up portrayed in the front using maxim guns Sudanese soldiers charging into the British forces Image photograph Menelik II ruler of Ethiopia hero of Africa Puts together an army and defeats the Italian army Made deals with Europeans to procure European weaponry Kept Ethiopia free from European control Leopold II s Rubber Terror in the Congo Divides the Congo into different districts gives control to agents Each agent sets out a quota to adult males in villages to bring back a set amount of rubber Image photograph African women chained up Wives of the adult men kept in stockades as hostages Measure to prevent fleeing or men refusing to work Militia often used to enforce labor Use of mutilation threats force Some became keeper of the hands held onto the hands of the Africans they punished showing that they were ruthlessly enforcing discipline Image photograph Missionary in Congo with two assistants One assistant holds a human hand Common form for disobeying orders right hand chopped off with a machete An African eyewitness who fled the ravages of the rubber work in his village reported as follows I myself saw a man at Likange who had had both his hands cut off Sometimes they cut them at the wrist sometimes farther up with a machete Also there was Muboma l who has a long scar across the back of his neck There is another man called Botei at Inanga with the same sort of scar where they wounded him maliciously expecting him to die They didn t cut his head off they didn t get to the bone but expected him to bleed to death It was sheer cruelty the State treated us abominably Image political cartoon In the Rubber Coils seen from the Congo Free State Punch 1906 Leopold depicted as a snake ensnaring a native African man Depictions like these lead to decisive action against similar atrocities Under pressure from the European public Leopold gives up the private colony to the Belgian state golden handshake not prosecuted but instead paid off understood that reforms will be made by the state for the African peoples Monday October 14 2013 Imperialism in Europe viewed more positively and with excitement Not witnessed from the perspective of the African peoples themselves Britain biggest empire in Europe Pride instilled indoctrinated in the youths and other citizens GESCHICHTE 150 Imperial Culture Britain An ABC for Baby Patriots 1899 C is for colonies Rightly we boast Of all the great nations Great Britain has the most Description of the celebration of Empire Day in school Empire Day of course had special significance We drew union jacks hung classrooms with flags of the dominions and gazed with pride as they pointed out those massed areas of red on the world map This and this and this they said belong to us Robert B Powell formed the Boy Scouts Taught skills but also the sense of dying for one s country Expositions Exhibitions Popular cultural forms 1889 Universal Exhibition in Paris Colonial pavilion Eiffel Tower Image photograph Reproduction of a Cairo Street at the Paris World s Fair 1889 native displays the Cairo Street included Egyptian servers in restaurants shopkeepers and artisans Senegalese villagers Second most visited attraction Vicarious experience the exotic culture of the Empire s dominion abroad Would most likely never see personally Imre Kiralfy Realize there is an audience for these displays Creates a company where these native villages are the centerpiece Entertainment and a message Extract form the program for the 1909 Imperial International Exhibition organized by Imre Kiralfy in London There are many little known peoples dotted about in distant latitudes whose customs and habits would undoubtedly prove of boundless interest to their more civilized brothers and sisters Where it is possible the lives of these people will be shown by miniature villages built in the same manner as the originals and occupied by the natives who are being brought over for the purpose Here will be represented the daily life and excitement of the natives including the War Dances Ceremonies Forms of Worship etc etc GESCHICHTE 150 Image photograph Scene of a native African village from Kiralfy s exposition Wrestlers in the Dohomi Village Monday October 14 2013