ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE HUMAN SKELETAL ANATOMY Why study Skeletons Population biology o Ancestry Heath Social Status Individual variation o Occupation Genetics Bone Functions Protect and support soft tissues Anchors muscles Produce movement Red blood cell production o Red marrow Store fat and calcium o Yellow marrow Parts of the skeleton Joints o Connections between skeletal elements Moveable shoulder hip Immovable spinal chord Muscle markers o Anchor muscles to bones Bone biology ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Bone forms in utero o Mostly cartilage o Function determines shape Bone is a living tissue o Remodels itself when it can Changes with age o Natural degeneration Arthritis Changes based on external influences o Occupational stress o Traumatic event Anatomical position Sagittal Plane o Left to right Coronal Plane o Front to back Transverse Plane o Top and bottom Face front Palms up Terminology Front and back of the body o Anterior front of the body o Posterior back of the body Ex eyes are anterior to the back of your skull ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Vertical midline of the body o Medial toward the midline o Lateral away from the midline Ex eye is medial to the ear Relationship among the limbs o Proximal toward the trunk o Distal away from the trunk Ex wrist is distal to you elbow Vertical o Superior towards top of body o Inferior towards bottom of body Skull Cranial Bones 22 bones total Paired and single Fused together by sutures o Except for mandible Keeps the brain protected o Paired Cranial Bones Parietal Temporal Zygomatic Nasal Maxilla Contains upper teeth ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE o Single Cranial Bones Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Mandible Contains lower teeth o Teeth 32 adult teeth most people 20 Deciduous teeth baby teeth Heterodont Strongest Organic Material Enamel Post Cranial Bones Thorax o Protects organs Keeps upright posture Thorax Vertebrae Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacrum Coccyx Ribs 12 each side Sternum 2 bones ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Shoulder arm bones o Wide range of motion 32 bones each side 26 each hand Shoulder Arm Bones Scapula Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna Pelvis o Weight child bearing Hip Pelvis bones Os coxa Comprised of 3 bones Ilium Ischium Pubis Leg bones o Locomotion weight distribution Leg bones 31 each side Femur Tibia Fibula ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Patella Foot 27 each and tibia Calcaneus heel Talus between heel Hominin Evolution Functional Differences Morphological Differences o Skull shape o Arm length o Pelvis shape o Leg angle MAJOR EVENTS IN HUMAN EVOLUTION Features of Humans Through Evolution Bipedalism o Longer legs than arms o Swinging gate o Habitual vs Obligate Habitual Could but don t often Obligate Only form of locomotion o Degree of commitment ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE o First adaptation o Body features along with bipedalism Central Foramen Magnum Sigmoidal Spine S shaped Bowl Shaped Pelvis Medial Angled Femur Platform like Talus raised Robust Calcaneus o Why do we have all of these features Balance Support o Problem with Bipedalism Slipped disks Lower back pains Weak Exposed abdomen Limited mobility with broken limb foot Weak knees Fallen arches Dental Morphology o Identify Diet Micro wear o Social structure o Taxonomic Classification o Things that change ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Incisor increase and Molar decrease size Enamel thickness Canine Size Dental Arcade parallel parabolic Craniofacial Morphology skull gets smaller Prognathism Brain size o Genus Classification o Cognitive abilities o Later adaptation o Things that change Brain Composition Frontal lobe increase Decrease in post orbital constriction Frontal lobe can grow more Expensive brain Material Culture o Other culture Burials Fire Clothing Art Climate Change Around 6 million years ago forests give way to savannah habitats ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Stable climate for about 4 million years Following 2 million years fluctuating climate Climate changes before adaptations BIPEDALISM What were some main theories for why bipedalism developed Free use of hands o Carrying Sight over savannah habitat More endurance for long distance travelling Provisioning Human Evolution The rise of Hominins Pliocene Epoch Gradistic Hominoidae o Hylobatidae Gibbons Siamangs o Pongidae Orangutans Gorillas Chimps Bonobos ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE o Hominidae Humans Other ancestors Cladistic Hominoidea o Hylobatidae Gibbons Siamangs o Hominidae Ponginae Orangutans Homininae Gorillini Gorillas Hominini Humans Chimps Bonobos That which we call a Hominin Bipedalism Reduced incisors reduced canines thicker enamel on molars Greatly increased brain size Tool manufacturing and use Bipedalism ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Centrally located foramen magnum S curve in spine Bowl shaped pelvis Central angled femur Platform talus Robust calcaneus Fossilization Fossilization o Preserving an organism so it becomes a fossil 2 types of fossils o Body Piece of the actual organism o Trace Things that give you an idea of the behavior of the organism Footprints etc Hard tissue never soft tissue Rock Tar Ice Amber Rapid burial crucial minerals and pressure Early paleoanthropologists Study of ancient human ancestors Before early 20th century o Focused on Non Human Primate comparison Eugene Dubois o Studied fossil remains for evolutionary history o Revolutionized study of evolution ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Great Rift Valley Majority of fossils found in East of South Africa Great Rift Valley o East Africa o Plate tectonics diverge from this area push old sediment up including fossils contained in it o Exposes geological beds pretty frequently o Volcanic sediment The first hominins Sahelanthropus tchadensis Found in Sahel Chad in 2002 Finds a skull o Small teeth w thick enamel o Short face little prognathism o Strong brow ridges o Combination not seen in fossil apes or later hominines o More centrally located foramen magnum Orrorin tugenensis Found in 2001 Northern Kenya Tugen Hills Earliest post cranial remains Pointy ape like canines Fossil suggests bipedalism and arborealism Ardipithecus ramidus ardipithecus kadabba Aramis Ethiopia ANTHROPOLOGY 2200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Tim White o Took 15 years to clean and study Most complete hominin Odd mixture of features Ancestral Ape o Small brain case Derived Hominin o Reduced canines o Cooperative groups Bipedalism in Ardi Derived hominin o