Infant States of Arousal No REM Sleep Active Sleep with and without REM Drowsy eyes are opening and closing can very easily fall asleep at any time Inactive alert baby s eyes are open they are bright and shiny not crying Active alert whimpering and crying act of saying they need something or they are uncomfortable Crying most aroused most intense vigorous activity and vocalizations Types of Cries not all cries are the same Basic Cry Rhythmic o Indicates hunger Anger Cry Rhythmic and energetic o Indicates when they don t like something Cry extended shriek followed by several seconds of silence followed by anger cry Pain Fake Cry Moaning sounds to attract attention Infant Reflexes or Fun Baby Games Sucking Rooting stroke a baby s cheek it will turn and start to suck o These two reflexes stop after four months Grasping Tonic Neck fencer Moro startle if a baby hears a loud noise Babinski Sensory and Perceptual Development How do infants know the world Sensory occurs when information contacts the sensory receptors Perception is the interpretation of what is sensed How do we measure infant perception Looking Chamber Visual Cliff o Looking chamber pictures of the two peoples faces o Visual Cliff Temperament The stylistic component of behavior Not what a person does but how he or she does it What you are born with Alexander Thomas Stella Chess o Clinical psychologists who studied these issues Individual differences in children as soon as they were born NYLS Design and Data New York Longitudinal Study one group of students that you study over a long period of time Dimensions of Temperament Activity Level Motor component Rhythmicity Regularity of functioning Approach Withdrawal Initial response to a new stimulus Adaptability Ease of transition to a new situation Threshold of Responsiveness Intensity stimulation needed to evoke a response Quality of Mood Amount of friendly pleasant joyful behavior Distractibility Effectiveness of stimuli in interfering with a task Attention Span Persistence Length of time an activity is pursued in the face of obstacles Intensity of Reaction Energy level of response Patterns of Temperament EASY Regular approaching quick adaptability mild to moderate intensity positive mood DIFFICULT Irregular unpredictable when they wanted to eat sleep withdrawing slow adaptability moderate to strong intensity negative mood SLOW TO WARM UP Variable rhythmicity withdraws at first slow adaptability mild intensity and mild to negative mood Goodness of Fit Model Temperamental dimensions are in and of themselves not problematic What is problematic problem within the kid or somewhere else problems within the When a dimension of temperament is incompatible with the demands or expectations within parenting a given setting Example o Kid who is really active all the time hits the floor but keeps going o If he lived in a small apartment or valued children to be really still o That s when dimension of temperament is incompatible o SETTING IS MISMATCHED WITH CHILD S TEMPERAMENT If we recognize this we can take action to improve fit Rhythmicity was a huge problem in this step But then they realized it was parents not the An affectional tie that one person forms with another person binding them together in space rhythmicity Attachment and enduring over time o Ainsworth 1973 Functions of Attachment Keeps infants close to care takers who provide safety Enables babies to explore the world within that safe context Gives opportunities for the caretaker to provide stimulation through playful activities o Attachment allows parents to learn how to be parents Provides basis for later positive development Harry Harlow and Monkey Love What causes attachment o Interactions during feeding Nutrition or Comfort o One reason why a baby wants to be close to a caregiver is because they are providing the baby with food nutrition o One reason is the contact that happens during these feeding behaviors they are being comforted cuddled with murmuring Baby rhesus monkeys raised by two imitation mothers One wire one cloth Half of monkeys were nursed by wire mothers Half of monkeys were nursed by cloth mothers RESULTS all monkeys even those nursed by wire mothers spent most of their time on the cloth mothers CONCLUSION baby monkeys responded more to physical contact with the cloth than to food Mary Ainsworth Canadian My advice to mothers is not to miss an opportunity to show affection to their babies Don t hesitate to pick the baby up when he wants to be picked up It s all right to fuss over your babies especially during their first year of life Early research Security Theory dissertation how can the parent be available to children without children thinking they are being watched all of the time Undergrad degree university of Toronto and graduate Discovered psychology hoping to understand the person she was and what her parents had to do with it survival Received a faculty in 1946 first female faculty in department of psychology in UT Association with Bowlby Ethological Theory of Attachment in London Proximity promoting behavior evolved as a characteristic of behavior increases chance of Cross cultural research in Uganda transports attachment theory to Uganda from London Strange Situation Observational method which babies and caregiver are brought into lab and go through various episodes 1 Caregiver Baby enter room 2 Caregiver sits and baby explores 3 Unfamiliar adult enters room 4 Caregiver leaves stranger alone with the baby 5 Caregiver returns stranger leaves REUNION EPISODE 6 Caregiver leaves baby alone 7 Stranger returns instead of caregiver 8 Stranger leaves Caregiver returns Patterns of Attachment Secure cry when caregiver leaves and happy when they return use caregiver as a secure base to explore the world Anxious Avoidant Avoid gaze or ignore when caregiver returns do not like being held Anxious Resistant Very upset when left cling and fight when caregiver returns Play The Work of Childhood Intrinsically motivated Means rather than an ends Organism dominated Non literal and simulated pretend Free from external rules Active Play is volunteeristic spontaneous pleasurable and open ended Functions of Play Play facilitates o Problem solving o Language and thinking o Self concept Job of a Developmentalist o How and why do children play Freudian Theory of Play Wish fulfillment Mastery Stages of play Play is cathartic GET NOTES o Oral Anal play associated with bodies o Phallic Adult role playing o Latency games