BoliviaSlide 2LandPeopleGovernmentEconomySlide 7Political HistorySlide 9Bolivian HistorySlide 11Return to DemocracyEstenssoro and other PresidentsOther Presidents2002-presentEvo MoralesMulticulturalism and Constitutional ReformParallel debate on efficiencyConstitutional reformBoliviaThe Plurinational State of BoliviaLand•Area: 1.1 million sq. km. (425,000 sq. mi. - Texas + California )•Cities: Capital--La Paz (administrative--pop. 800,385); Sucre (constitutional--292,080). Other major cities--Santa Cruz (1,486,115), Cochabamba (587,220), El Alto (858,716). (Population est. 2004.) –La Paz is the highest of the world’s capital cities--3,600 meters (11,800 ft.) above sea level. –The adjacent city of El Alto, at 4,200 meters (13,800 ft.), is one of the fastest-growing in the hemisphere. Santa Cruz, the nation’s industrial and commercial hub in the eastern lowlands, is also experiencing rapid population and economic growth. •Terrain: High plateau (altiplano), temperate and semi-tropical valleys, and tropical lowlands.•Climate: Varies with altitude--from humid and tropical to semi-arid and cold.People•Population (July 2009 est., U.S. State Dept.): 9,775,246.•Annual population growth rate: 1.77%.•Religions: Predominantly Roman Catholic; minority Protestant.•Languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani.•Education (2001): Years compulsory--ages 7-14. Literacy--86.7%.•Health (2008): Infant mortality rate--44.6 per 1,000 births. •Work force (2008, 4.46 million): Nonagricultural employment--2.48 million; services, including government--42%; industry and commerce--58%.•Ethnic groups (2001): 55% indigenous (primarily Aymara and Quechua), 30% mestizo or mixed, 15% European.Government•Type: Republic. •Independence: August 6, 1825.•Constitution: 1967; revised 1994; voters approved a new constitution on January 25, 2009.–Branches: Executive--president and cabinet. Legislative--bicameral. Judicial--five levels of jurisdiction, headed by Supreme Court with a separate Constitutional Tribunal, and a National Electoral Court which rules on matters related to the electoral process.•Subdivisions: Nine departments (similar to states), headed by elected governors.•Major political parties: –Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Social Democratic Power (PODEMOS), Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), National Unity (UN), Social Alliance (AS).–Suffrage: Universal adult (age 18), compulsory.Economy•GDP: $18.94 billion.; Annual growth rate: 5.6%; per capita income $4,500.•Natural resources: Hydrocarbons (natural gas, petroleum); minerals (zinc, silver, lead, gold, and iron).–Agriculture (11.3% of GDP): Major products--Soybeans, cotton, potatoes, corn, sugarcane, rice, wheat, coffee, beef, barley, and quinoa.–Arable land--27%.–Industry (36.9% of GDP): Types--Mineral and hydrocarbon extraction, manufacturing, commerce, textiles, food processing, chemicals, plastics, mineral smelting, and petroleum refining.–Services, including government: 51.8% of GDP.•Trade: Exports (2008 est.)--$6.8 billion. •Major export products--natural gas, tin, zinc, coffee, silver, wood, gold, jewelry, soybeans, and soy products. Major export markets (2007)--U.S. (9.8%), Brazil (46%), Argentina (5.8%), Republic of Korea (4.8%), Peru (4.1%), and Japan (7.6%). Imports (2008 est.)--$4.9 billion. Major products--machinery and transportation equipment, consumer products, construction and mining equipment. Major suppliers (2007)--U.S. (9.8%), Argentina (16.2%), Brazil (29.9%), Chile (10.5%), Peru (8.1%).Source: Perry-Castaneda Map collection, UT-AustinPolitical History•1532-1809 Colonial Rule•1809-1879 Independence, resource driven conflict •1879-1884 The War of the Pacific–resources territory - Chile•http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/view/search?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&q=bolivia•http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/08/world/lingering-feud-with-chile-threatens-bolivia-s-pipeline-plan.html?pagewanted=allPolitical History•1880-1932 Republican government•1932-1951 Chaco war, Revolution–Resources, territory - Paraguay•1952-1982 Revolution to Dictatorship•1982 – transition to democracyBolivian History•Republican Era–1879-83 War of the Pacific•Loses coastal access, nitrate fields to Chile•Late 1800s prosperity, stability –global price of silver–1900s tin replaces silver•Repressed indigenous labor•Denied education, economic opportunity, political participation•Laissez faire capitalist economic policies–1932-35 Chaco War•Defeated by Paraguay•Ruling classes discredited•New political demands emergeBolivian History•Revolution in 1952, start of democracy•Nationalist Revolutionary Movement Party (MNR)•Wins elections in 1951 but denied access to office, foments revolution•President Victor Paz Estenssoro–Introduces universal adult suffrage–Land reform–Rural education–Nationalization of the tin minesReturn to Democracy•1964-1985 period of instability, elections and coups.•1985 Presidential elections:–Nationalist Democratic Action Party 33% pop. Vote–MNR wins 30% pop. Vote–Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) wins 10%•In Congressional run off an MNR and MIR alliance brings MNR party leader and former president Estenssoro to the executive branch once again.–Constitutional rule: Congress votes on President without a majority vote outcome from the popular election.Estenssoro and other Presidents•Estenssoro admin1985-89–economic problems stabilized•1989 elections Paz Zamora (MIR and Patriotic Accord alliance) wins–Neoliberal economic reforms continued, crackdown on domestic terrorism•1993 elections MNR candidate Sanchez de Lozada–Economic reform pursued–“Capitalization” – form of privatization where investors acquired 50% ownership and management of state firms (oil, telecommunications, airlines, railroads, electric) with money directed to the pension system instead of the Treasury–Very unpopular – protests from 94-96Other Presidents•1997 Gen. Hugo Banzer, ADN party (Nationalist Democratic Action)–neoliberal econ reforms continue–No job creation–Perception of corruption–Coca eradication systematic–Increasing social protests–2001 diagnosed with cancer, resigns, dies one year later2002-present•2002 elections/MNR platform:–Sanchez de Lozada (MNR) 22.5%•Job creation, anti-corruption, social inclusion–Evo Morales (MAS) 20.9% (movement