GEOG1101 Exam 1 Study Guide Exam Date Tuesday September 25 2012 Quiz will between 50 and 100 questions expect matching multiple choice and possibly some maps diagrams Format is SCANTRON Potential Key Terms You should be able to choose the correct de nition for each but also be able to use your critical thinking skills to understand how these terms relate to one another in the context of this class 1 Places p 3 a speci c geographic setting with distinctive physical social and Chapter 1 cultural attributes a socially constructed b emotional and cultural symbols 2 Regions p 3 larger size territory that encompasses many places all or most of which share similar attributes in comparison with the attributes of places elsewhere 3 Remote Sensing p 7 the collection of information about parts of the Earth s surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible infrared and microwave sensor systems 4 Map p 7 a graphic representation of the milieu Latitude and longitude lines provide a grid pattern on the Earth 5 Choropleth Map p 11 shows us the relative distribution across space degree of shading denotes amount of what is being measured 6 Map Scale p 11 Scale is the amount of reduction that takes place between real world to a paper map Ratio of map distance to earth distance 7 Map Projection p 11 a systematic rendering on a at surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth s surface 8 Equidistant projection p 11 a map projection that allows distance to be represented as accurately as possible 9 Conformal projection p 11 a map projection on which compass bearings are 10 Equivalent projection p 11 a map projection that portrays areas on Earth s rendered accurately surface in their true proportions 11 GIS p 15 Geographic Information Systems the computer hardware or software that we use to analyze collected data 12 Spatial Analysis including 5 key concepts of location distance space accessibility and spatial interaction p 18 24 a The study of geographic phenomena approached in terms of their arrangement as points lines areas or surfaces on a map i accessibility opportunity for interaction distance and connectivity ii Spatial interaction movement and ows of human activity 13 Latitude p 18 the angular distance of a point on Earth s surface measured north or south from the equator which is 0 degrees 14 Longitude p 19 the angular distance of a point on Earth s surface measured east or west from the prime meridian 15 GPS p 19 a system of satellites that orbit the Earth on precisely predictable parts broadcasting highly accurate time and locational information 16 Cognitive images aka mental maps p 19 psychological representations of locations that are made up from people s individual ideas and impressions of these locations activities 17 Site p 19 the physical attributes of a location its terrain its soil vegetation and water sources for example 18 Situation p 19 the location of a place relative to other places and human 19 Friction of Distance p 20 the deterrent or inhibiting effect of distance on human activity time or cost of overcoming distance 20 Tobler s rst law of geography p 20 Everything is related to everything else but nearer things are more related than distant things Tobler 21 Distance decay function p 20 the rate at which a particular activity or process diminishes with increasing distance 22 Utility p 20 usefulness of a speci c place or location to particular person or group 23 Nearness Principle p 21 by Morill according to this principle people will tend to maximize the net utility of a location a Maximize the overall utility of places at minimum effort b Maximize the connections between places at a minimum cost c Locate related activities close together 24 Topological space p 21 connections between particular points in space 25 Cognitive space p 21 space de ned and measured in terms of the nature and degree of peoples values feelings beliefs and perceptions about locations districts 26 Accessibility p 21 opportunity for interaction from a given point or location proximity distance and connectivity airline hub cities are more accessible than and regions other cities 27 Connectivity p 21 an important aspect of accessibility because contact and interaction are dependent on channels of communication and transportation 28 Spatial Interaction including 4 basic preconditions of complementarity transferability intervening opportunity spatial diffusion p 22 24 Movement and ows involving human activity a Complementarity a precondition for interdependence between places For interactions to occur there must be a demand in one place and a supply that matches or complements in the other b Transferability depends on the frictional effects of distance The cost of moving a particular item measured in real money time and the ability of the item to bear those costs c Intervening opportunity alternative origins and or destinations important in determining the volume and pattern of movements and ows i e g for a Georgia family wanting to vacation in NY FL is an intervening opportunity as its closer and cheaper d Spatial diffusion the way things spread through space over time such as disease technology political movements etc 29 Economies of scale p 22 a factor of complementarity 30 Infrastructure p 22 development such as railroads canals bridges etc that affect the transferability of goods in a positive way 31 Time space Convergence p 22 the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs Due to a shrinking world because of growing infrastructure 32 Expansion Diffusion p 23 a k a contagion diffusion a phenomenon spreads because of the proximity of carriers who are xed in their location a e g use of hybrid seed stock among local farming community 33 Hierarchical Diffusion p 24 a k a cascade diffusion a phenomenon can be diffused from one location to another without necessarily spreading to people or places in between a e g spread of fashion trends from metropolitan city to successively smaller cities towns and rural settlements 34 Regional Analysis p 24 the ways geographers can get to know a region or a place better Regionalization landscape and sense of place 35 Regionalization p 24 the geographer s equivalent to scienti c classi cation individual places or areal units are objects of classi cation Its purpose is to identify regions of one kind or another 36 Functional regions p 24 regions with some