02 29 2012 Policing Social contract Policing Use of legitimate force Discretion Roots Babylonian law o Circa 1772 BC o 1829 London 1000 1800 AD o frankpledge Police agencies resembling those today less than 200 yrs old England group of 10 families pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators to court o parish constable system patrollers look around for wrong doers toward organization toward professionalism 1800s fear of ceding individual liberty growing communities and crime but crises also scares people o murder of prominent families enlightenment exchange liberty for security progressive movement disorder bad Robert Peel s Police Force London 1829 Four part mandate o 1 Prevent crime without using repressive force o 2 maintain public order through non violent means o 3 reduce conflict between the police and the public o 4 show effectiveness through absence of crime and disorder derives principles o the power of the police is dependent on public approval of their existence actions and behavior o to recognize always that the extent to which the cooperation of the public can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives o to seek and to preserve public favor not by pandering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolutely impartial service to law in complete independence of policy and without regard to the justice or injustices of the substance of individual laws English development of police social disorder Working class mass immigration to urban areas class conflict Police professional unarmed uniformed not local No political affiliation cant vote wear your uniform on and off duty Recruitment dependent on physical and educational standards uphold professionalism Citizens immediately able to identify who police are and respect police as an institution American development of police Mass immigration to urban areas heterogeneous communities breakdown in social order due to lack of consensus Police apply norms of neighborhood not necessarily law not uniformed but armed of the people live in the same area they police controlled by politicians ward bosses decentralized recruitment based on relationship to politicians no basic qualifications The Political Era 1840 1920 necessary in the US due to massive distrust of government Decentralized authority Police recruited from the same ethic groups as the dominant political groups and they lived in the neighborhoods they patrolled Less emphasis on crime more on social welfare and order maintenance Political era organization Major city council appointed Police Chief Chief oversaw the entire department Foot patrol Walk the same beats o Familiar with local populations Problems with the political era model of policing Corruption No real standards for becoming a cop Bribery common walk the same beat from the neighborhood Politicians and rich people could get away with things the poor Promotions in the department could be bought rather than based on couldn t merit The professional Model 1920 1970 Police should stay out of politics Members should be trained disciplined and organized Laws should be enforced equally Force should use new tech Promotion should be based on merit Crime fighting not order maintenance should be the main goal of policing Technology use in professional era Motorized patrol Radio communication Rapid response Policing becoming reactive rather than proactive Another change Crisis the decline of the professional model was two fold o the political climate 1960s and 1970s race riots civil rights movement the war in Vietnam crime begins increasing dramatically tension between police and minority communities creates a distrust of govt authority including police a police community relations crisis o research evidence challenging the effectiveness of police in preventing crime nothing works in crime prevention police do not prevent crime yet they pretend they are society s best defense against crime this is a myth Nothing Works 02 29 2012 taking down the professional model of policing Kansas city preventive patrol experiment Kelling et al 1974 15 areas randomly assigned to receive one of three types of police Martinson 1974 professional police practices patrol strategy o 1 Reactive beats o 2 proactive beats o 3 control beats key findings o no effect on crime randomizing control doesn t matter more police more crime 2 professional model assumption o more cops less crime o more cops more patrol presence Levine 1975 o Robbery and murder rates in 26 large cities o More cops positively correlated with crime rate Explanations staff More crime reports taken because there are more officers Increase in number of calls taken from citizens with more officers on No relationship exists It is just a coincidence Increased number of officers is a response to increasing crime Regardless of reason the key finding is that the negative relationship expected by the professional model was not found Other possible reasons for no impact on crime Irrational criminals Chance of capture is still low Usually respond to crime calls after they occur Displacement Social environment that breeds crime Rapid response 3 Professional model assumption o Police more effective if they get to the scene of the reported crime as quickly as possible Spelman and Brown 1984 o How quickly police arrived on the scene had no impact on their chances of arresting someone and solving the crime Explanation and findings o Less than 3 of the time an arrest made on the scene o Crime must be reported very quickly o Discovery crimes o Involvement crimes delayed notification Effectiveness of police investigations Greenwood and Petersilia 1975 Training Staffing Workload Procedures No important element Info given by the citizen to the patrol officer is the single most In over half of solved crimes the perpetrator was known or readily determined at the time the crime is reported Implication for the professional model Preventive patrol doesn t work Adding police doesn t work Rapid response doesn t work Changes to investigations doesn t work Conclusions Nothing Works Add the political climate and we have Crisis So policing changes Community Model o Get out of your car and talk to citizens o Have goals beyond crime fighting Maintain order Provide service Reduce fear of crime Return sort of to priorities of the political era Innovations In response to these crises a great deal of
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