The Birth of Modern America 01 30 2014 History of Reconstruction 1865 1877 Robert E Lee surrendered to Ulysses S Grant Secession movement would not hold Emancipation proclamation ending slavery only ended in states where the was not northern troop rule o What were the terms in which the southern states would be brought back into the union how Who got to make the decision What would be the terms o What syst of labor would be put in place to replace slavery o What would be the social political status of the freed slaves Former slaves wanted independence free labor political voice Southern whites wanted to retain old order Northern moderates opposed slavery but still thought blacks unequal Radical republicans strong abolitionists tht wanted full race equality Initial proposal by Lincoln Johnson presidential reconstruction congressional reconstruction w radical republicans Reconstruction envisioned a political revolution in the south federal troops sent to south to facilitate elections and protect freedmen Freedmen s bureau social services schools health care to freed slaves Congress passed reconstruction amendments o 13 1865 abolished slavery o 14 1868 guaranteed citizenship to all born in us fed gov can protect rights of citizens protect from states denying equal protection under law o 15 right to vote could not be denied bc of race color or previous degree of servitude strong effort in beginning panic in 1873 made north focus on own economic issues election of 1876 Hayes deal federal troops withdrawn from the south reconstruction collapsed lingering legacies o est basis for African americans to fight for civil rights Major Themes in Late 19th Early 20th century America A Radical and ethnic exclusion and tribalism deteriorating race relations Compromise w the south but racial issues on the back burner Most southern states had disenfranchised blacks fed court declared segregation legal reign of terror arson lynching 1882 Chinese exclusion act by pressure from western laborers banned immigration from china o others limited Japanese immigration restricted voting rights of all native americans 1924 ethnic animosity turned on immigrants from southern and eastern Europeans severely restricted immigration from these parts B The Settling of the West and the Closing of the Frontier Movement into the trans Mississippi west accelerated in 1870s after civil war Why o Until civil war there was a road block in congress that prevented movement out west whether new land would allow slavery or not o Transcontinental RR up until the civil war RR building was too expensive w out federal support could not gain fed support because north and south could not agree on placement of the RR 1862 fed authorized construction Linked east and west markets Fed gov gave huge land grants o Indian wars C Industrialization Settling of the west provided timber iron copper cattle grain Industrialization had been under way befor the civil war but created which fed an economic boom an industrial boom after civil war Technologies facilitated boom Typewriter electricity cash register By 1890 US is the largest industrial power imperialism D Immigration Imperialism and the Global Economy Attraction of immigrants 1870 1890 1890 1914 One of the largest migratory periods in the us Steam boat 1 in 7 americans weren t born in us us wanted to find markets and materials abroad cultural economic imperialism E Urbanization civil war F Protest and Reform Larger numbers moved to cities looking for jobs Like industrialization started before civil war but gained steam after 1920 is the first time that us was considered urban nation jobs exploiters political corruption diseases Industrialization and urbanization created West High rates for RR elevators unfair bankers loss of control over their lives bc of the money interests of the east Populism Radicals and workers low paying jobs risky jobs long hour shifts knights of labor labor unions American federation of labor CIO anarchism bolshevism Middle Class Progressivism The Nature of Historical Argument The New Industrial Order 01 30 2014 Rapid Industrialization Scope the Civil War Textile factories in New England catered to smaller markets before After civil war more machinery bigger factories GNP rose four fold btw 1870 and 1900 1900 produced more steel than great Britain and Germany Industrial employment doubled combined Reasons Research and technology o Transportation and communication railroads and telegraphs o Tying in with steamships to create international transport system Transatlantic cable in 1866 connected US and Europe built as the 8th wonder of the world o Telephone Alexander Graham Bell o Typewriter 1868 mimeograph machine Record keeping spreading memos quickly throughout entire businesses o Bessemer Process much cheaper way of turning iron into steel by 1870 the price of steel dropped more than half Stronger lighter than iron more durable o Petroleum refinement able to turn into kerosene oil fuel for o Invention was systematized Thomas Edison called invention engines factory Edison figured out how to turn invention into a business hired inventor engineers Electrified wall street to gain financial means Labor pool o Large access to workers through immigrants and people being forced lured off of farms o Finance capital Investment capital o Came from the savings of firms o J Cook lent money to the government o Rockefeller Morgan made munitions during war Government support o Subsidies some critical industries did railroads o High tariffs on imported goods instituted during civil war initially to raise money for the federal government Makes people more likely to buy American products because they are cheaper o Due process of law applied it to corporations Corporations should be protected from any interference from the government o Use of military often used to put down strikes Big business was allowed to grow unchecked The rise of big business Corporations are less liable to their investors are able to downsale shares on the stock market and are able to raise funds professional managers Vertical integration Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Steel o Corporation that controls all of the processes of manufacturing Horizontal integration John D Rockefeller Standard Oil JP o Buying out all of the companies across a particular step in the manufacturing process Morgan US Steel o Bought carnegies 8 largest competitors controlled 2 3 of all us steel production 1 4 billion dollars more than
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