Roman mealsA Modest InvitationFeeding RomeRoman timeRoman moneyWorking ClassWomen at workA Senators DayLegend of Rustic LifeAgriculture and the ArmyRustic PoetsAgrarian slavesCato the Elder De Agri CulturaCrueltyStoic viewLater roman legal reformsLiberti & PatronsRoman TemplesTemple of Jupiter Optimus MaximusTemple of Magna MaterThe Republican Roman ForumTemple of ConcordiaTemple of SaturnTemple of Castor(s)Temple of VestaRepublican Victory Temples Early Rome  Traces of Iron Age huts and cemeteries dating from the C9-C7 BC have been found principally in deep level excavations on the Palatine and Esquiline and in the valley between, but many other finds suggest that if these excavations are possible then early settlement would prove to have included them as well Rome dated the foundation of Rome to 753 BC, at the hands of a man called Romulus, who became its first ‘king’.  Geographically distinct groups; Latium, Etruria, Samnium-the people in each areaspoke different languages and had different religious practices and funerary practiceso Socially and politically they had similar systems Capital of Italy Rome took a big step and abolished their regal system and instituted a political order, the Republic.  Archeoligically the only visible features of the Rome of the C5-C4 was the city walls, rebuilt in massive fashion around 378-350.  The city of Rome c3-c2 bc were revolutionary, especially once the eastern victories got under way. Spain brought a flood of silver bullion, Asia brought the Greek culture and its practiced exponents (philosophers, poets, playwrights, doctors, teachers, etc.)September 20, 2013“State Cult” (no separation of church and state)- The Gods – the Olympians mirror of the Greek deities but with a different focus- Animism – rivers, trees, streams- Lares, Penates, Harth (Familia) worship in the household- “Momentary” Gods – for specific moment for something as small as a grainDirect Imports- Aesculapius during the plague- Invitation of enemies - Syncretism – Aspect of godsRoman Religio- They were “neutral”- The point was to gain the benevolenve of a deity- Maintain the peace of the gods- Little concern about morality or belief – more on proper performance of ritual- Animal sacrifice – one of the only ways Romans could eat meatTelling the Future- Augury – from porticus of a temple- A person has to beo Augur (elected priest of state cult)o Official with imperium- Auspicium – sacred chickens- Extispiciumo Inards of a sacrificial animal - Sibylline Bookso Sibyl of cumae and Kind Tarquinius SuperbusReligious Festival- Amarvalia – end of May to cleanse property (sacrifice)- Rubigalia – April 25, Festival to propitiate Rubigus – god of mildew - Lubwecalia – Feb 15, Purification and fertility rite- Saturnalia – December 17 winter solsticeOfficiants of the State Religion- Pontifices – headed by the Pontifex Maximus, in charge of all religious law, calendar, exokaining matters of god- Rex Sacrorum – took over religious dutites of roman kings- Vestales – “Vestal Virgins” in charge of sacred flame of vesta - Flamines – high priests for several major/older deities, never run for high office- Augures – Priests in charge of augury for the state- XVviri Sacris Faciudis – 15 priests in charge of Sibylline books and new religions- VIIviri Epulonum – 7 priests in charge of setting up publive feasts (epulum) for godsRoman Politics and Religion- Cicero’s de Domo Sua- Interrupt public meetings of the Senate or elections – watching the skies illegally- Office highly contested (bribery)- C. Julius Caesar- Augustuso Pontifex, Augur, XVvir, VIIvir- After all of these colleges became standard to emperorsDeification of the Emperor- Hellenistic practice- Emperor’s genius (kinf a guiding spirit) was worshiped- Genius was the divine part of the emperors soul- After death vote in the Senate. Declared either:o Divus – a god – reveived a flamen and a templeo Damnatus – suffered damnatio memoriae (remember to for get him)o None of the above (most rare)Roman “Traditional” ReligionRoman meals-Romans ate three meals a day-Main meal was dinnerA Modest Invitation-Invitation to dinner was minor poetic form – Catullus, Martial, Pliny, etc.-Martial 5.78-Stress on Martial’s assumed ‘poverty’- Toranius will not get “best of everything”- question of entertainment- convenient to the baths- note similarity of dishes esp. eggs, leaks, olives-lie about the main course-entertainment-Martial will not recite, even if Cerialis reads his entire Giants or Pastorials-Menu given (almost as a bill) similar to Martial-Note ‘snow’-Apicius Feeding Rome-originally, farmers – self sufficient-already in Roman timeMuch of early roman history, there were no reliable time devides-divide day into dawn-263 BCE, Rome took sundial as spolia from Sicily- day divided into 12 “hours,” actually12equal segments-Lunch and siesta at 7th hour-Dinner (for wealthy) began at 9th hour Roman money-4 quadrants = 1 as-5 asses= 1 sestertius-4 sestertii= 1 denarius-25 denarii= 1 aureus-denarii were silver, aurei were gold, others were bronze-1 sestertius= Working Class-senatorial scorn for working classes-Cicero-“liars,” people who “peddle to the senses” are scorned-Medicine, architecture, liberal arts are homorable for people “whose social position they suit”-Large-scale traders provide a service-best is agriculture-CIL 1.2.406.- Women at work-paucity of evidence-epigraphy (mostly tombstones) is very helpfulA Senators Day-Pliny the younger-How senators spend their time:-attending senate meetings, Legend of Rustic Life-roman virtues of diligence, determination, virtus, and pietas-example of Cincinnatus-Idea that farm life was pure and simple- away from vices of the Urbs-Ager Publicus-Replacement of small farmers Agriculture and the Army-free farmer/soldiers-“vested interest” in military success-volunteer (militia) kind of army-soldiers provided their own weapons and armor according to census-More foreign wars, soldiers could not return home after a season of campaign-slowly lost farms-during the mid/late republic, soldiers were paid-slowly became a “professional” army-still rewarded with farm land on retirement-preserves idea of farmer/soldierRustic Poets-horace Epodes 2 (195)-Tibullus Ellegies 1.1 (196)-Horace Satires 2.6slaves in the cities-varying work-closer contact with owners- could receive