Anna Montgomery BSC 109 Test 3 Study Guide Chapter Eleven 1 Name the two principal parts of the nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system 2 What are the components of each part from question one CNS brain and spinal cord PNS nerves outside the CNS 3 Name the two divisions of the PNS and know the functions of each division Sensory division carries information towards the CNS Motor division carries information away from the CNS 4 What is the function of the PNS Carries signals to and from skeletal muscles 5 Name the two types of cells that make up nervous tissue and know the function of each Neurons nerve cells specialized for carrying electrical signals form one part of the body to another Glial cells supports neurons and modify neuronal communication 6 Name the three types of neurons and know their functions Sensory neurons o Function in the sensory input o PNS CNS Interneurons o Integrate information o CNS CNS Motor neurons o Function in motor output o CNS PNS 7 Name the three parts of a neuron know the function of each part and be able to identify each part on a drawing See eLearning slide Cell body Dendrites Axon o Main part of the cell has the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm and organelles o Smaller slender extensions of the cell body receive incoming information and convey toward cell body o Long slender extension specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or effect 8 What is a synaptic terminal Relays signals to another neuron or an effector across a synapse 9 What is the myelin sheath Wraps around a neuron like insulation carries nerve impulses faster o Rich in fat appears glossy white 10 What is Multiple Sclerosis What is ALS Multiple Sclerosis results from a dismantling of myelin covering of CNS axons by the body s own immune system ALS is degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons 11 What are neuroglial cells and what is their function 80 of nervous system Function support protections do not transmit action potentials forms myelin sheath around axon 12 What is an action potential Electrical pulse Generated and transmitted from neurons Primary means of communication throughout the nervous system All or none o Individual neuron sets extent of stimulus needed o If achieved it fires o Once triggered action potential is always the same in form and voltage Self propagating axon o Continues to propagate itself in the next region of the o Moves like a wave down the axon with constant speed and amplitude 13 Neurotransmitter Released from vesicles near terminal button of neuron axon portion Open ion gate 25 different types Recycled broken down 14 Synapse Special junction between axon terminus and target cell Where a neuron meets a muscle cell contract or relax gland secrete or neuron pass the signal along 15 Synaptic cleft Space between neuron and receiver 16 Synaptic transmission Process of transmission of impulse from sending presynaptic neuron across synaptic cleft to receiving postsynaptic target Involves release and diffusion of chemical neurotransmitter 17 Name the five neurotransmitters and know the principal actions of each Acetylcholine system brain receptors Serotonin o Released at neuromuscular junction autonomic nervous o Excitatory on skeletal muscles and depending on other o Areas of the brain and spinal cord o Usually inhibitory involved in moods sleep cycle appetite contentment Dopamine o Areas of the brain and parts of PNS o Excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptors plays a role in emotions pleasure and bliss o Areas of brain and spinal cord o Usually excitatory major excitatory neurotransmitter in Glutamate brain Endorphins o Many areas in brain spinal cord o Natural opiates that inhibit pain usually inhibitory 18 Concussion Blow to head may lead to unconsciousness disruption of electrical activity in the brain 19 Spinal cord injury Impairment of sensation and function below site of injury 20 Infections Caused by bacteria or viruses that manages to pass through the blood brain barrier o Encephalitis inflammation of the brain caused by viral o Meningitis inflammation of meninges caused by viral or infection bacterial infection o Rabies infectious viral disease spread by the bite or saliva of an infected animal spreads via sensory neurons 21 Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission Epilepsy recurring episodes of abnormal electrical activity seizures Alzheimer s disease shortage of acetylcholine accumulation of abnormal protein beta amyloid progressive memory loss and dementia Parkinson s disease loss of dopamine releasing neurons progressive degenerative disorder affecting motor activity Chapter Twelve 22 Define stimulus body 23 What is a receptor another form Sensory input that causes some change within or outside the o Heat pressure sound waves light chemical Structure that detects stimuli and converts its energy into 24 Name five receptors and know the function of each receptor Pain receptors Mechanoreceptor o Respond to tissue damage or excessive heat or pressure o Responds to mechanical energy o Pressure vibration stretch hearing balance Thermoreceptors o Respond to heat or cold Chemoreceptors o Respond to presence of chemicals o Taste smell Photoreceptors o Respond to light o Vision 25 Know which receptors adapt to continuing stimuli and which do not adapt Receptors that adapt o Light touch pressure and smell Receptors that do not adapt o Pain joint muscle monitoring receptors 26 What is the difference between somatic sensations and special senses Provide sensory information Somatic sensations of body positions Special senses o Arise from receptors located throughout the body o Temperature pressure touch vibration pain awareness o Arise from receptors restricted to specific areas of the body o Taste smell hearing balance vision 27 Which types of receptors detect limb position muscle length and tension Mechanoreceptors o In joint detect joint position o In skeletal muscles muscle spindles Specialized mechanoreceptors for monitoring muscle length which relay information about limb position o In tendons detect tension 28 Which types of receptors detect temperature Which adapt quickly and which do not Thermoreceptors o Surface thermoreceptors adapt quickly Provide information about external environment o Core temperature receptors do not adapt quickly Receptors in thoracic and abdominal organs monitor core temperature 29 Which type of receptors signal discomfort Pain