Psych 3530 Exam 3 Important Terms Concepts Please note This is NOT a complete list of general terms concepts that could be covered on the exam This is merely meant as a guide to help you when reviewing your class notes and textbook Chapter Fifteen Learning based approaches o Learning the change of behavior as a function of experience Stimuli that occur close together in time will elicit same response classical conditioning Behaviors with pleasant outcomes more likely to be repeated o Emphasizes objectivity publicly observable data tight theoretical reasoning More scientific o Everyone should behave the same in same environment situation Behaviorism behavior direct result of environment o Introspection not valid unverifiable o Personality sum of everything person does o Functional analysis goal of behaviorism o Three types Habituation decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to something Simplest form of learning Stimulus has to change continually increase Classical conditioning unconditioned response naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited by new conditioned stimulus Affects involuntary processes Learned helplessness Operant conditioning behavior shaped by the effect of the behavior non the environment Thorndike s Law of Effect responses with rewards will be strengthened and visa versa Techniques o Skinner box reinforcement shaping Punishment o Rules for correct application Availability of alternative responses Alternatives should be rewarded and not punished so people can learn what they are supposed to do Behavioral and situational specifity about what is being punished and when so people learn what the yare not supposed to do and what is okay to do punish yelling inside but not outside Not just a bad boy Apply punishment immediately after the behavior and every time it occurs to ensure understanding of what is being punished Condition secondary punishing stimuli Verbal warnings are usually effective and allow the avoidance of the actual punishment Counting 1 2 3 Avoid mixed messages Don t console directly after punishing because the consolation can be rewarding o Dangers of punishment Arousing emotion In the punisher can lead to loss of control and the punished pain discomfort humiliation fear of the punisher self contempt decreases likelihood that something will be learned from the punishment It is difficult to be consistent Mood can influence type and severity of punishment It is difficult to gauge the severity of punishment Physical and Psychological punishment Teaches misuse of power That powerful people get to hurt less powerful people Motivates concealment Social learning theory o Shortcomings of behaviorism Ignores motivation thought cognition Based on animal research Organisms treated as passive Ignores social dimension of learning Dollard Miller s social learning theory o Habit hierarchy behaviors individual might do ranked in order from most to least probable Rearrange not change o Motivation and drives Primary innate to organism food water oxygen Secondary learned love money power o Drive reduction theory reward must satisfy need to change behavior Rotter s social learning theory concern decision making expectancies o Expectancy value theory behavioral decisions are determined by beliefs about the likely results of behavior o Locus of Control Generalized expectancies High have internal locus of control Low external locus of control Bandura s social learning theory social and situational o Self efficacy one can perform a given goal directed behavior Influenced by self concept Influences motivation performance Change behavior with modeling o Observational learning learning behavior vicariously by seeing someone else o Reciprocal determinism People are not passive choose environments change situations CAPS theory Walter Mischel o Individual s interpretation of the world is all important o Thoughts proceed simultaneously on multiple tracks that occasionally intersect o Interaction is important o Behavioral signature person s unique pattern of contingencies o More sensitive to behavior change across situations Contributions Limitations to Learning approaches o Contributions o Limitations Establishing psychology as an objective science Behavior depends on environment Not sure if generalizable long lasting Underappreciation of thought processes According to learning theorists learning is the change in behavior as a function of experience Child rewarded for saying thank you more likely to say thank you after receiving another gift Change in behavior result of operant conditioning Question Answers Chapter Sixteen Perception o Chronically accessible the tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind Rejection sensitivity Affects perception of ambiguous signals Self fulfilling prophecy Aggression Assume hostility in others Perceptual defense screening out info that makes you anxious Opposite of rejection sensitivity Similar to defense mechanisms Thought determines many actions o Consciousness whatever individual has in mind at the moment short term working memory 7 2 Chunking pieces of information that can be thought of as a unit o Dual process models systems that work at the same time conscious slower that unvonscious Cognitive experiential self theory Rational logic slow and effortful thoughts Experiential emotion irrational fast and automatic thoughts Motivation o Goals Short term specific vs long term general Need long term to organize short term Idiographic individual vs nomothetic most people Number of goals McClelland s achievement affiliation power Emmon s enjoyment self assertion esteem interpersonal success avoidance of negative affect Two work and social interaction o Implicit theories of the world Entity personal qualities are unchangeable Give up after trying Judgment goals try to validate what you already have Incremental qualities can change with time and experience Try harder after failure Developmental goals improvement o Strategies Defensive pessimism vs optimism assume the worst will happen Relief when worst doesn t happen Emotion o Core emotions happiness sadness anger fear surprise disgust Ekman Evolutionarily advantageous Advantageous to be able to perceive emotions accurately in others o Individual differences in emotion Affect Intensity strongly felt emotions risk for bad outcome Some people experience emotion more strongly than others women are generally higher than men Rate of Change higher rates are associated with