Forging New Governments 10 15 2013 Forging New Governments State Governments o Upper and Lower Houses or bicameral legislatures Property Requirements o Assumed that only ownership of property especially land allowed voters to think and act independently Apportionment o Not based on population density No equal representation divided area up geographically Factions and fear of interest groups o New ideas on how to organize a government Conservative and Radical Influences Conservative Influences o Appointment of most state and county officials o Apportionment o Property requirement to vote o No party system Radicalism o Republican principles Government entrusted to virtuous leaders Balance of interests But not the same as democracy Reconstruction the States by 1790 11 of 13 states established bicameral legislatures PA and GA did so Only Pennsylvania had apportion based on population 9 of 13 states lowered the property requirements for voting but none abolished them entirely But state constitutions were written documents ratified by a vote of the people State constitutions limited executive power National Government The Articles of Confederation o Drafted in 1777 ratified in 1781 o Single chamber national congress o Taxes need approval from every state o No executive branch o No judicial branch o Balance of power in favor of the states Finance and Trade Under the Confederation War cost 600 000 taxpayers 160 million o This was 2400 more than taxes raised to pay for Seven Years War Borrowed funds from abroad and printed money o Not worth a Continental o Inability to impose taxes Northwest Territories 160 million acres north of Ohio River Ordinance of 1785 o Set up a mechanism for dividing and selling public lands Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Congress appoints governor secretary 3 judges 5000 free adult males needed for territorial legislature 60 000 needed for statehood No slavery in HW territory The Constitution The Philadelphia Convention 1787 o The Virginia Plan States represented according to population o The New Jersey Plan One vote per state in congress o The Connecticut Compromise Allowed national government to o Collect taxes o Regulate interstate commerce o Conduct diplomacy Balance power in 3 branches o Executive o Legislative o Judicial States Rights Ratification o Federalists vs Antifederalists Testing the Constitution Alexander Hamilton and his objectives 1790 Report on Public Credit o Slavery left to individual states o Permitted Congress to ban importation of slaves after 1808 o Federal government assume nation debt 54 million o Federal government pay off state debts o Retire 12 million foreign debt through sale of western lands o Use custom duties and excise taxes to pay interest on 42 million owed to Americans Alcohol in the early republic o Between 1800 and 1830 Americans drink 5 gallons of hard liquor per year per capita triple today s rate of consumption o Whiskey Rebellion 1794 o Washington s Response Election of 1800 Election of 1800 10 15 2013 First modern election first two party election Republicans run Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr of New York for Vice President John Adams runs as Federalist Federalists focus on Jefferson s o Unorthodox religious views o Pro French connections o Alleged Sexual excesses Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Failure of Adam s campaign Who won the election of 1800 Not John Adams Thomas Jefferson or Aaron Burr 12th Amendment ratified in 1804 Burr s Decline Declining political fortunes after he tried to steal the election from Runs for Governor of New York in 1804 Lost to Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson and was pissed at Hamilton Duel with Alexander Hamilton July 11th 1804 and Hamilton dies the next day The Louisiana Purchase France and the Louisiana territory o Treaty of San Ildefonso October 1800 o France in the Caribbean Napoleon s dreams of empire Closing of New Orleans James Monroe joins Robert R Livingston in France Napoleon gives up on Caribbean and Louisiana Empire Louisiana Purchased for 15 million Reactions to the Purchase Negative o U S too big already o Would only benefit the South and West drain resources from the East o 20 per taxpayer too much to spend o Constitutional questions Positive o Eliminated foreign nations from Mississippi River valley o Extended agricultural base o Provided a solution to Indian Policy Indian removal 1830 s The Louisiana Territory Defined as the water shed of the Mississippi River o Nobody knew how big that was o 825 000 square miles at 3 cents per acre Lewis and Clark expedition o Leaves St Louis May 1804 returns September 1806 The War of 1812 Westward Expansion 10 15 2013 Rapid growth and westward expansion after the War of 1812 Transportation Revolution o Steamboats c 1816 o Canals c 1810s o Telegraphs c 1830s o Railroads c 1840s Telegraph Developed in the U S by Samuel Morse in 1837 First signal sent 3km in 1838 1844 Washington to Baltimore WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT East coast to West coast in 1861 The Erie Canal Started in New York state in 1817 completed in 1825 363 miles from Buffalo to Albany Shipping costs from Buffalo to NYC cut from 19cents ton mile to 2 cents ton mile in 1830 Transportation Revolution Railroads canals and roads Travel times were significantly decreased Agricultural Boom Rising prices Actually beneficial to move to the west and farm You could now ship your goods to the anywhere in the nation easily Eli Whitney and the cotton gin Alabama Fever the rave to conquer fertile land to grow cotton Drives land prices up and leads to the expansion of slavery Cotton cloth factories starting to pop up in New England and increased the demand for cotton