1450 s Guttenberg Press invented he developed movable reusable type Benjamin Harris printed the first American Newspaper in 1690 s in Boston Publick Occurences first SUCCESSFUL American newspaper The Boston News Letter 1704 first American magazine 1741 Franklin Bradford first SUCCESFFUL 1821 Saturday Evening Post Benjamin Day 23 year old printer who founded New York Sun first penny paper cuts price down by attracting crowd he got more advertising money this system is still used today Zenger 1730 s political precedence of protecting press acquitted of seditious libel said he defamed government by attacking NY Governor Cosby Revolutionary Period 1760 s and on prominence of opinion Thomas Paine Margaret Green Draper Massachusetts Gazette James Madison and the First Amendment RAPPS written by Madison Paine pamphleteer essentially a blogger publishes his own opinion in an attempt to influence Margaret Green Draper one of the first female editors Massachusetts Gazette takes over after her husband dies loyalist paper flees Boston because of danger when the British evacuated the city Draper defended the British intolerable acts and criticized the colonists nonimportation agreements boycotts on British goods James Madison important journalism figure because he wrote First Amendment first amendment is was the single most important thing to happen for the press Revolutionary Standards First Amendment press standard was created during a revolution that revolutionary context favored individual rights and expression over groups or government power subsequent decades expand this understanding of American press freedom news information that is timely and relative as well as current accurate A Changing America urbanization people are moving to cities industrial revolution industrialization immigraton education RESULT rise of American middle class Day s Sun paper created ad supported newspapers that offered a blend of information and entertainment aimed at the needs and interests of the middle class mass audience James Gordon Bennett New York Herald 1830 s developed modern notion of news editor who s work was characterized by the way he went out and sought news instead of waiting for it to come to him aggressive about news Horace Greeley New York Tribune 1840 s opinion pioneered opinion and functions Margaret Fuller Ossoli paves way for women in journalism rise of the writers role hired by Greeley invited by Greeley to write literary criticism for the New York Tribune literary essayist early reformist reporter women in the 1800 s were involved in journalism normally only b c it was a family business Elias Boudinot pre Civil War Cherokee Phoenix 1830 s Native American Cherokee 1839 killed by fellow Cherokees on Indian territory who had lost family on the Trail of Tears and wanted to assassinate Boudinot because he supported their forced emigration by the government African American press 1827 First black owned paper Rev Samuel Cornish Russworm coincides with society at the time in the ways of rising opportunities Barnett founded Associated Negro Press Chicago Defender 20th century major publication Dorothy Thompson columnist wrote for newspapers magazines Cahan Russian immigrant Jewish Daily Forward longtime editor writer essayist socialist religious news wasn t often covered in mainstream news before this Philip Freneau National Gazette 1791 republican newspaper started to take first steps to create a political party in opposition of Hamilton did copy editing proofreading wrote editorials poetry Thomas Jefferson wanted a paper in Philadelphia to oppose John Fenno s who supported Hamilton was pro Jefferson at first without attacking Hamilton but later harshly criticized and attacked him forcing Hamilton to write a response in Fenno s paper lost some subscribers due to his attacks of the President government Joseph Pulitzer St Louis Dispatch then New York World had a knack for salvaging failing newspapers expanded news coverage stressed features sports womens sections enlivened design large headlines cartoons illustrations crusaded for social reform professionalized content business talent endowed first journalism school at Columbia University demanded accuracy Nellie Bly personal investigative reporting Ida Wells Barnett passion plus hard fact finding Lincoln Steffens sociological examination Ida Tarbell scientific and systematic Elijah Lovejoy published religious newspaper designed to save souls editor of St Louis Times sold it to become a minister later established the St Louis Observer a Presbyterian newspaper that was extremely hostile towards Roman Catholic s Thomas Nast illustrator for America s first fully illustrated journal Frank Leslie s Illustrated Newspaper later switched to New York Illustrated News for more money more assignments Frederick Douglas most famous African American journalist of the 19th century wrote describing his escape from slavery newspapers before civil war North Star and Frederick Douglas s Paper later purchased New National Era Jane Grey Swisshelm Pittsburgh Saturday Visiter one of the first women involved in journalism in the 19th century wrote articles in the early 1840 s attacking capital punishment submitted articles supporting the Liberty Party anti slavery signed with just her initials started Pittsburgh Saturday Visiter spoke against slavery Paper grew very popular very quickly first woman to sit in the press gallery at the Senate William Randolph Hurst New York Journal rival of Pulitzer s manipulated the news to goad the U S into war with Spain Hearst s papers reported that the U S S Maine was sunk by the Spain untrue yellow journalism Kate Field wrote travel articles for the Boston Courier on ta trip to Europe frequent contributor to N Y Tribune published her own national newspaper Kate Field s Washington Allen Neuharth created USA Today 1982 aimed at mass market for average readers especially those who were not regular newspaper readers more eye catching paper that would include color pictures graphs and weather maps wanted it to be short snappy enough to win back TV generation Rupert Murdoch blended flashy headlines bizarre stories and sex to attract readers in Australia wanted to spread his media empire to the U S and began by purchasing a newspaper in San Antonio Texas founded supermarket tabloid National Star purchased control of Fox Network
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