HIST201 Midterm Exam Study Guide Jenna Dahle I Identifications Sharecropping Reconstruction period a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land Need cotton to build the agricultural economy but black workers did not having money or land so they compromised with sharecropping a type of farming that was prevalent after the Civil War when blacks were freed from slavery Farmers who owned land would aloft land to the freedmen and their families in exchange for part of their harvested crops The freedmen would have loans on the farming tools and supplies necessary to produce their harvest This was significant because although it allowed freedmen to have a new chance of life outside slavery it was still a way that whites oppressed African Americans The freedmen would always be in debt to the landowners because they would never produce enough product to pay rent or provide for their family Sharecropping acted as a new legal form of servantry Black Codes 1865 1866 laws passed by southern states whites controlled the government with the intent and effect of restricting African American freedom and forcing them to work in a labor economy based on very low wages or debt i e illegal for blacks to own a gun to own land to marry a white person conduct business etc Northerners thought this was not acceptable but President Andrew Johnson said it was good because it allowed southern whites to take control again termed fake freedom th Amendment 1868 Reconstruction Amendments the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the 14 laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the Civil War It stated that a person born in this country was a citizen birth right citizenship and Due Process Clause cannot discriminate the legal requirement that the state must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person safeguard from arbitrary denial of life liberty or property by the Government outside the sanction of law th Amendment 1870 prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that 15 citizen s race color or previous condition of servitude The third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments Gives African men the right to vote not women Now blacks can run for congress and hold office 600 in S C They opened public schools hospitals roads asylums expanded women s rights They funded initiatives the South did not want to fund it violated what whites viewed The Frontier Thesis 1893 is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner that American democracy was formed by the American Frontier The frontier had no need for standing armies established churches aristocrats or nobles nor for landed gentry who controlled most of the land and charged heavy rents Frontier land was free for the taking In the thesis the frontier created freedom constantly named as civilization breaking the bonds of custom offering new experiences and calling out new institutions and activities Turner said the frontier is what builds the American character and without it men cannot prove their self reliance independence ruggedness People began moving to the west to farm government needed to give them land in order to do this not so independent Union League one of a number of organizations established starting in 1862 during the American Civil War to promote loyalty to the Union and the policies of Abraham Lincoln During Reconstruction Union Leagues were formed across the South after 1867 as working auxiliaries of the Republican Party They mobilized freedmen to register to vote and to vote Republican They discussed political issues promoted civic projects and mobilized workers opposed to certain employers Most branches were segregated but there were a few that were racially integrated The leaders of the all black units were mostly urban blacks from the North who had never been slaves Early reconstruction controlling the black vote and disenfranchising white Democrats The White League like the KKK fight for white supremacy and destroy influence of southern whites in politics and with blacks Dawes Severalty Act 1887 authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians When European immigrants began settling in the east government became fearful that these two racial societies could not coexist in the same area It was a form of removal whereby the US government would uproot the natives from their current locations to positions to areas in the region beyond the Mississippi River this would enable settlement by European Americans in the Southeast in turn opening up new placement for the new white settlers progressive reformers want to dismantle Native American culture and educate them on the American society This act gave them 160 acres of land to settle with family and after 25 years they can be considered citizens Sells the rest of the reserve to white settlers Meat Inspection Act of 1906 works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions President Theodore Roosevelt was suspicious of Sinclair s socialist attitude and conclusions in The Jungle and so sent Charles Neill and James Reynolds men whose honesty and reliability he trusted to Chicago to make surprise visits to meat packing facilities Neill and Reynolds were revolted by the conditions at the factories and at the lack of concern by plant managers Following their report Roosevelt became a supporter of regulation of the meat packing industry The four primary requirements of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 were 1 Mandatory inspection of livestock before slaughter 2 Mandatory postmortem inspection of every carcass 3 Sanitary standards established for slaughterhouses and meat processing plants and 4 Authorized U S Department of Agriculture ongoing monitoring and inspection of slaughter and processing operations it s hard for small businesses because they cannot meet the standards as well as bigger businesses Gospel of Wealth written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner Carnegie argues against
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