CCJS100 Final Exam Review Chapter 10 Development of Corrections American Colonies public physical punishment ex public hanging filled with humiliation was a way of deterrence After the American Revolution post 1776 Population growth too many people in town so humiliating someone in public wouldn t work due to people not going to the same place all the time Agricultural society industrial society Rural colonial towns sprawling urban centers Move from corporal punishment to attempts to change the individual Physical punishment seen as uncivilized The Penitentiary Movement 1790 Walnut Street Jail Philadelphia turned into Eastern State Penitentiary Old Newgate State Prison CT Pennsylvania System o Separate system each inmate had their own cell o Solitary confinement day and night o Reflection study prayer handicraft work Auburn System New York System o Congregate silent system o Inmates worked and ate together o Solitary confinement at night South and West Early 19th century Sparse population less need for prisons Post Civil War increase in African American prisoners o Convict lease system If convicted and put in prison could be leased to a private company to do work ex building roads railroads Were not paid for any labor Were given clothes food and shelter o Anti contract law of 1887 restricted employment of federal prisoners not state prisoners Problems with Early Penitentiaries Expensive have to house each prisoner in individual cell Not thought to help deter future offenders Inhumane living conditions Reform Movement Zebulon Brockway 1828 1920 Father of prison reform Elmira Reformatory upstate NY warden Purpose of prison reform and rehabilitation o Academics vocational training Mark system point system where prisoners can reduce their time spent in prison by gaining points through labor good behavior and educational achievement Indeterminate sentencing o Ranges parole Eras of Corrections Progressive Reformers early 20th century Improve conditions in the social environment that seemed to be the breeding grounds of crime Rehabilitate individual offenders 1930 s rehabilitation model Crime caused by social intellectual or biological deficiencies Medical model want to diagnose others Community Model 1960 s and 70 s 1967 U S President s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice created The purpose of corrections is to reintegrate the offender into the community Crime Control Model 1970 s and 80 s Control criminal behavior by incarceration supervision Get Tough on crime Modern Corrections Federal Corrections o Federal Bureau of Prisons created in 1930 congress Houses 195 000 inmates o Federal Probation and Parole Supervision Supervises offenders on probation and parole Probation declining parole rising o Minimum medium and maximum prisons State Corrections o Community corrections probation intermediate sanctions parole o State prison systems levels of prisons o Jails City county Types of Prisons Jails houses offenders serving less than one year those awaiting trial that cannot post bail NYC and LA jails hold 5 of nation s total incarcerated 33 000 Detain illegal immigrants before deportation 11 million admitted each year Prisons serious offenders those serving one year or more Minimum Security Low security Prisoners there for non violent crimes pose little risks to others Most female prisoners Housed in dormitories Communal bathrooms and showers Guards do not patrol around the fence Medium Security Most male prisoners Most prison population in general Midrange offenders Still have dormitories but more patrolled Perimeter has more than one fence guards patrol the fences Maximum Security Very violent offenders being housed Single cells Prisoners only allowed out of cells for one hour a day but are escorted by a guard do not have much freedom within the prison Supermax Security Highly controversial growing not many around Houses most dangerous inmates Could be in a separate or state facility Confined for 23 hours a day but do not have any ability for human contact no visitors Highly specialized murders terrorists serial murderer Do not have any way of better treatment through achievements Private Prisons Jurisdictions contract with private vendors o Difficult for state and federal to be able to house as many inmates as there are need private vendors Critics prison commercial complex o Promotes people to commit crime so the private vendor can make money o Not sure if it is saving money in the long run 32 states federal system o 114 000 inmates o Fiscal value unclear Prisoner s Rights Prior to 1960 s hands off No recognized rights judges did not interfere with correctional officers Cooper v Pate prisoners do have constitutional rights prisoners can sue state officials o 1st Amendment freedom of religion o 4th Amendment no illegal searches of cells Hudson v Palmer o 8th Amendment no cruel and unusual punishment totality of conditions must be acceptable o 14th amendment due process in preliminary hearings rights for female prisoners Wolff v McDonnel Trends in Correctional Populations Number of people in probation and parole is growing at a faster rate than the number of those being incarcerated Less expensive prison overcrowding 70 of those in corrections are on probation Incarceration rate has quadrupled since 1973 Five Factors for Growth in Incarceration Increased arrests and more likely incarceration 1 2 Tougher sentencing 3 Prison construction 4 War on drugs 5 State politics means of economic development Chapter 11 Three Goals of Incarceration 1 Custodial Model Promote security high degree of order Incapacitation deterrence retribution 2 Rehabilitation Model 3 Reintegration Model Give the prisoners treatment to reform them Make sure offenders keep their ties with family community Prison Organization Warden Deputy Wardens Correctional Officers Psychologists etc Cannot select their clients Have little or no control over the release of their clients Must rely on clients to do most of the work in the daily operation of the institution work they are forced to do and for which they are not paid Must depend on the maintenance of satisfactory relationships between clients and staff Four Factors in Prison Management 1 Defects of total power Power of the officers is limited minimal ability of force compliance 2 Rewards and Punishments Ways to gain cooperation 3 Exchange Relationships Tolerate minor rule violations in exchange for compliance 4 Inmate Leadership Rely on inmate
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