Anime R NH2 R N R Ether R O R Amide Ketone Aldehyde Oxidation only occurs with primary aldehyde carboxylic acid and secondary alcohol to ketone carbon attached to OH has to have a hydrogen also attached to it Miscible soluble within each other Saponification No catalyst ester strong base alcohol salt Can t use acid with saponification neutralize the NaOH it would not be able to break the ester bond Condensation Hydrolysis with strong acid catalyst alcohol acid ester water Acetic anhydride is an esterification of acetic acid Anime Linkage what is in plane Don t forget about resonance here Protein primary order of side groups along polymer backbone secondary helices and sheets tertiary folding of polymer backbone Quaternary 2 or more polymer chains e g hemoglobin Hemoglobin has two and two Sickle cell you have valine instead of glutamic acid Nucleotide in 6th position is T instead of A This is translated to error in mRNA Hemoglobin molecules clump together and become hydrophobic and fibers form which causes the sickle shape of the RBCs Cellulose is a polymer of glucose and Starch is a polymer of glucose DEMO showed color change when iodine was added to starch b c of the tubular shape The color of the soln turned blue on contact iodine gets in the holes of the tubular structure Hybrid Orbital holds only lone pairs and sigma bonds Bond Order where the electrons can be shared between atoms Catalytic cracking breaks big hydrocarbons into smaller ones high temp and high pressure with a metal Pt Ni Pd destroy secondary and tertiary structures The cracking Octane rating ability to resist spontaneous combustion in a substance Crude oil boils to get in gas phase but with fractional distillation the fuel goes up to the towers and condenses b c as you go up the temperature and the gas condenses and is collected Branched aromatic and oxygenated molecules have higher octane rating Straight hydrocarbons have low ratings Co polymer repeats every four times Forces that maintain tertiary structures Hydrogen bonding Ionic attractions Dipole Attractions Disulfide Links Ion Dipole forces LDF hydrophobic attractions Saturated fats have M P unsaturated have M P double bond harder to pack into a solid ENZYMES that break down glycogen start at the ends of the molecule takes off one glucose at a time slow process but allows fast access to glucose When light passes through a sample that can rotate plane polarized light the light appears to dim to the eye because it no longer passes straight through the polarizing filters of rotation is quantified as the number of degrees that the analyzing lens must be rotated by so that it appears as if no dimming of the light has occurred McGraw Text The amount Gas C1 C4 Gasoline C5 C12 Kerosene C12 C16 Crude C40 or more
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