Anime: R-NH2, R-N-REther: R-O-RAmide: Ketone:Aldehyde:Oxidation only occurs with primary (aldehyde carboxylic acid) and secondary alcohol (to ketone) (carbon attached to OH, has to have a hydrogen also attached to it). Miscible (soluble within each other)Saponification (No catalyst): ester + strong base = alcohol + saltCan’t use acid with saponification (neutralize the NaOH); it would not beable to break the ester bondCondensation/Hydrolysis (with strong acid catalyst): alcohol + acid = ester + waterAcetic anhydride is an esterification of acetic acid! Anime Linkage (what is in plane?) Don’t forget about resonance here! Protein: primary (order of side groups along polymer backbone), secondary (α-helices and β-sheets), & tertiary (folding of polymer backbone). Quaternary (2 or more polymer chains, e.g., hemoglobin) Hemoglobin has two α and two β. Sickle cell you have valine instead of glutamic acid. Nucleotide in 6th position is T instead of A. This is translated to error in mRNA. Hemoglobin molecules clump together and become hydrophobic, and fibers form which causes the sickle-shape of the RBCs. Cellulose is a polymer of β-glucose and Starch is a polymer of α-glucose. DEMO showed color change when iodine was added to starch, b/c of the tubular shape. The color of the soln turned blue on contact, iodine gets in the holes of the tubular structure.Hybrid Orbital holds only lone pairs and sigma bondsBond Order where the electrons can be shared between atomsCatalytic cracking breaks big hydrocarbons into smaller ones (high temp and high pressure, with a metal, Pt, Ni, Pd); destroy secondary and tertiary structures. The cracking Octane rating (ability to resist spontaneous combustion in a substance). Crude oil boils to get in gas phase but with fractional distillation the fuel goes up to the towers and condenses b/c as you go up the temperature and the gas condenses and is collected. Branched, aromatic, and oxygenated molecules have higher octane rating. Straight hydrocarbons have low ratings. Co-polymer repeats every four times. Forces that maintain tertiary structures: Hydrogen bonding, Ionic attractions, Dipole Attractions, Disulfide Links, Ion-Dipole forces, & LDF (hydrophobic attractions)Saturated fats have M.P. , & unsaturated have M.P. (double bond harder to pack into a solid)ENZYMES that break down glycogen start at the ends of the molecule, takes off one glucose at a time (slow process, but allows fast access to glucose)When light passes through a sample that can rotate plane polarized light, the light appears to dim to the eye because it no longer passes straight through the polarizing filters. 4 The amount of rotation is quantified as the number of degrees that the analyzing lens must be rotated by so that it appears as if no dimming, of the light has occurred. (McGraw Text) Gas C1-C4Gasoline C5-C12Kerosene C12-C16Crude C40 or
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