Chapter 4 Police The Development of Police in the United States The English Roots of the American Police o Roots of American policing found in English legal tradition Limited authority Local control Fragmented organization o They also don t have a national police but 43 fragmented regions where police have jurisdiction o America has different police ranking based on region sheriff county state trooper FBI different agencies o Frankpledge a system in old English law in which members of a tithing group of 10 families pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court Any male over the age of 12 was in and they used a hue and cry to round up all the other men to catch the criminal Statute of Winchester in 1285 set up a constable watch system which supervised the efforts of the men to catch criminals Organized police rose in 1700 s fielding brothers informed about crime 1829 Robert Peel pushed for the Metropolitan Police Act which created the London police force Missions to prevent crime without using repressive force and to avoid having to call on the military to control riots and other disturbances to maintain public order by nonviolent means using force as a last resort to reduce conflict between police and public to show efficiency through the absence of crime and disorder rather than through visible police actions o The Colonial Era and the Early Republic Watch system in north created of constable sheriff and watchman called for help Slave patrols in the south to prevent slave riots used discretion Riots in the 1830 s pushed for city police forces o The Political Era 1840 1930 Named because of the close ties between forces and local political leaders Political machine exchange system votes for jobs in the force NYC established 1st paid force in 1845 and every major city had a major police force by 1850 Force in cities divided into precincts with paid patrolmen assigned to each area Policing in the United States Foot patrolmen fought crime Caring for derelicts Operating soup kitchens Regulating public health etc Close public servants due to their proximity with the citizens along with crime fighters Different in the south due to slavery Most major cities had police forces to control slave Since west wasn t developed yet they had vigilante groups uprisings fight crime US marshals after civil war were appointed to fight crime and were known as the Wild West Wyatt Earp Wild Bill Hickok o The Professional Model Era 1920 1970 Influenced by the Progressive movement The formation of a middle class which worked towards a more efficient government and more government services to assist the less fortunate Reduce party influence on government Get police out of government vice versa Professional Policing model Force should stay out of politics Members should be well trained well disciplines and tightly organized Use new technology Personell procedures based on merit The main task of police should be fighting crime OW Wilson a major candidate for professionalism Promotes the sue of motorized patrol radio use and rapid response Rotated assignments of policemen 1960 s and civil rights challenged professional model due to the constant riots too busy maintaining status quo instead of order discrimination many saw them as trying to keep them o The Community Policing Era 1970 Present at the bottom of society Mainly focused on keeping order and providing community services Learned that more police didn t increase crime more response didn t lead to arrest showed flaws in Professional moel Isolated police and reduced knowledge about their neighborhoods Less time with the citizens which they serve If police know more about the neighborhoods and their people it would be easier to mediate conflict More foot police and more attetion to detail Identify underlying causes like abused wives vandalism and teenagers creating a positive response towards the police NEED to know about community needs o Homeland Security The Next Era of Policing After 9 11 homeland security and antiterrorism was a top priority Instead of community needs national needs in case of emergency Emergency preparedness Shift in funds from local to federal Law Enforcement Agencies 12 666 municipal police departments 3070 Sheriffs Dept 49 state police 135 native tribal police agencies 30 federal agencies Federal Agencies o The FBI Has the power to investigat all federal crimes not placed under the jurisdiction of other agencies Created in 1908 put into prominence by J Edgar Hoover in in 1924 Has 400 resident agencies and 56 field offices Priorities Prevent terrorist attacks Protect against foreign intelligence and espionage Protect against cyber attacks technology crimes Combat public corruption Protect civil rights Combat criminal organizations Combat major white collar violent crime Support federal state etc partners Have the highest technology to help fight crime o Specialization in Federal Law Enforcement Department of Justice IRS DEA drug enforcement agencies ATF bureau of alcohol tobacco firearms and Federal Agencies after September 11 o Department of Homeland Security explosives National Cyber Security Division of the Directorate for Preparedness Transportation Security Administration Customs and Border Protection US Secret Service US Coast Guard o Normally crime is within state and local but after terrorism and other attacks it has become a national mater Terrorism instead of internal crime More activity abroad State Agencies o Each state has a police agency Regulate traffic patrol o Worry about a centralized police force puts the hands in the local o Needed only when asked or when go across county jurisdiction police County Agencies o Sheriffs departments runs county police Law enforcement court duties operate jails move prisoners o Reservations are separate sovereign areas and have their own laws provide bailiffs Native American Tribal Police and officers Municipal Agencies o City police NYPD Police Functions Make arrests in metropolitan areas Broad responsibilities Order maintenace preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face to face conflict among two or more people o Use discretion should action be taken o Brawls drunks noisy parties o Make judgements for the safety of the general public Law enforcement controlling crime by intervening in situation in which the law has clearly been violated and the police need identify and apprehend a
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