Empiricism G E Moore 1873 1958 Unit 2 Epistemology Rene Descartes 1596 1650 Rationalist Coherence of ideas Objectivism Epistemology Analytic Kant mind conforms to objects Objects conform to mind The External World 1 External to my body 2 External to my mind 3 Things external to all minds G E Moore 1873 1958 Here is a hand Here is another hand External objects exist 1 Premises and conclusion must be different 2 3 The conclusion must really follow from the premises I must know the premises to be true Critics 1 Moore misses the point 2 Taunting the skeptic 3 Moore is arguing in a circle 1 Moore is noting the impossibility the regress of justification 2 The skeptical scenario is plausible but not as plausible as Moore s claim Bertrand Russell 1872 1970 Direct Realism Representational Realism Appearances sense data Reality physical material world George Berkeley 1685 1758 To be is to be perceived Simplest explanation is most likely 1 simplest explanation isn t true is the EWIT the simplest 2 G W F Hegel 1770 1831 other 1 Denied separate wellsprings of sense and intellect Codependent of each NEGATION 2 Philosophy must be historic not appriori prior to experience Example A lion sees me this is an example of a being acknowledging that he she is a thing in the external world The lion charges using sense to see it coming there is then a negation interruption of being that causes a switch to intellect to avoid being attacked by the lion SENSE INTELLECT Supporters Right Hegelians Christian Message Left Hegelians Social Justice Worker s paradise St Louis Hegelians Class mobility o Ingenuity o American know how o Inventiveness o Problem solving All of which lead to improving upon the original idea Pragmatism Knowing is doing C S Peirce 1839 1914 Beliefs are fixed Tenacity love an idea and hold on to it Tenacious very determined to do something beliefs Authority there is a right way to think you must believe in our Appriori prior to experience use reason a matter of taste The Scientific Method 1 Problem 2 Hypotheses Diagnosis and solution 3 Test 4 Objective Conclusion Guiding Principles Examples Cultural taking off a hat for the pledge of allegiance Science magnetism gravity The Essential principles 1 Belief habit non reflective sitting in 2 Doubt a Ex a chair you are not constantly worrying about the chair you are a Ex the chair creaks and you begin doubting its ability as a chair 3 Inquiry a 4 Objective In the face of a problem how can it be averted What is wrong with my chair a Here is what is wrong with my chair how to fix it the structure etc The cycle that repeats itself and you take your objective and it then becomes a habitual belief mind as minding managing problems John Dewey 1859 1952 Ontological Pluralism everything that can be an object of inquiry Ontology study of the nature of being Postulate of Immediate Empiricism What is is what it is experienced as Non reflective experience also called a primary experience Hypotheses Ideas Empirical Ex try to move the podium but it won t budge as easily as usual Check for a nail or heavy object in the bottom Problem Tools Data Test Objective Ex Apply a crowbar to lift the podium from the stage Method how leads to the content what lifting shows there was a nail Social Relativism Maori 1300AD No written record spoken tradition Identify themselves with the group Cosmology Spiritual Physical Humans All things are both spiritual and physical Tapu Dark dangerous Noa Binding healing Manu Keeps dark force under control Group Individualism Anti individualism Pros 1 Identity virtue ethics 2 Collective responsibility 3 Survival Cons 1 Opposition to other groups 2 Group manu 3 Group is as responsible as the individual Friedrich Nietzsche 1844 1900 Born in Germany parents died or left when he was young Raised mainly by women Went insane the last 10 years of his life institutionalized Previous to that he was very sane Philology the study of ancient text mainly religious texts Realized that objectivism is impossible by studying these texts Started as a social relativist but then changed into individual relativist Served in the military being an ambulance driver Became a professor then became an independent philosopher Previous philosophers stated reason is what makes us human Putting sense and intellect together Reason Will Nietzsche says humans are governed by will Reason is the servant of will Will Reason allows us to get what we want Reason Darwin Origin of Species 1859 Variation Selection An organism is born with genetic mutation Those that are better adapted to their environment will flourish and the others will not Will to Power Nietzsche sees this in Darwin s theory All beings that live have a will to power exercise their will and get what they want Individual Relativism The individuals that are superior have a right to assert themselves Master Morality The morality of the noble noble rare have the true morality the powerful are justified the TRUE advocates of morality Good good for me Bad bad for me inhibits the will to power Slave Morality Common the masses the unimaginative weaker conformist Good bad for me Bad good for me Sources Philosophy Socrates Plato Christianity the meek shall inherit the earth live by poverty good is sacrifice etc The masses become slaves to themselves by adopting Platonic ideas and Christianity Disease of conscience
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