Historical roots of law enforcement Obligatory avocational policing o England frankenpledge typically groups of 9 or so people o US sherriff s posse Would be a sherriff in a town and he would round up a possy had authority to recruit whoever he wants in his posse and if you refused you could go to jail People were responsible of bringing their own weapons along o England Parish Constable Watch evolved from frankenpledge system similar to sherriff the constable could force people in the town to help them with problems ex fire crime voluntary advocational policing o US vigilante tradition the regulators colonial south Carolina guardian angels modern organization from ny patrol subways no weapons 1767 1900 estimated that 326 500 vigilante movements made in US Entrepreneurial avocational policing o England thief takers if my house was robbed and I knew who did it I would go to a thief taker and they would hunt the person down o US etc Bounty hunters policing roots in England Bow street runners est 1748 by Henry Fielding o London s earliest police force o Uniformed and did foot and horse patrol 1798 marine police establishment 1800 Thames river polce early 1800s attempts to make large regulated full time police force metropolitan police act 1829 London o sir Robert peel the home secretary o London metropolitan police 3300 men called bobbies or peelers detached from people they serve impartial removal from politics military organization cool headedness recruitment outside of London so they wouldn t know anyone development of American policing major US cities philly new york o 1844 NYC first paid unified police force people s police o liked people to serve the communities they came from and be close with the people highly tied to the political system appointed by local politicians or captains o native immigrants standards of conducts could do anything and not get into trouble no real standards of conduct they used weapons unlike London police only structured around local area politicians highly decentralized Americans resisted formation of police departments they like the idea of freedom wanted police not in uniforms so it didn t remind them of military African Americans in American policing 1800s few successful cases would patrol slave populations few who tried northern cities into 1900 s mainly responsible for black communities cities southern slave patrols earliest form of policing in south 1712 slave codes would catch runaway slaves responsibilities of slave patrols laws enforced by slave patrols o would prevent gambling and literacy of slave populations slave patrols Ku Klux Klan state level police started in frontier regions texas rangers Pennsylvania 1st modern state police Similar to militia units had to supply own weapons Initial goal reliable unite untied local unions workers etc Eras of policing Kelling Moore 1988 o Political 1840s 1920s o Reform 1930s 1970s o Community 1970s present differentiate between the areas o Legitimacy and authorization Areas of interest pay attention to these because its how you Where the police get their power o Function what role do police play in society o Organization how does it look Command structure Centralized or decentralized o Relationship with community Does community play a big role or no o Demand who directs o Tactics how do they do their jobs Cars horses patrol Radios o Outcomes are they being successful Political area Legitimacy politicians Function wide array of services crime prevention order maintenance social services etc Organization decentralized no command structure Relationships with community Intimate lead to corruption Demand who directs politicians and citizens directly Tactics foot patrol redimentary investigations third degree Outcomes sought political and satisfaction didn t do crime or arrest statistics just wanted to make politicians and citizens happy Were very corrupt because they were close with communities they would take bribes from local politicians etc highly tied to local politicians Reform era professionalism Problems in the political era o Corruption o Lack of organization and structure o Lack of officer training only accountable to local Wickersham report 1931 first CJS survey report on politicians problems with police o Constant police turnover o Low hiring standards o Politics involved promotion o Lack of communication o Police served too many functions in community Bottom line police are corrupt and incompetent a change needs to happen Reform era professional era August vollmer Berkeley CA police chief 1909 1932 o Goal professional model of policing o Sought educated policemen o Police technology incorporation of new technology o Law enforcement only job is to enforce the laws prevent crime o Management of police discretion if police are highly educated they will be able to make correct decisions choices Legitimacy the law police professionalism follow a medical model of training Function crime control Organization centralized bureaucratic pyramid Relationships with community no relationship to avoid bias corruption thin blue line Demand who directs central dispatch eventually 911 calls Tactics radio patrol cars rapid response omnipresence forensic techniques Outcomes crime rates uniform crime reports Two pillars of professional model Crime prevention through preventative patrol if an officer is patrolling neighborhoods communities that will prevent crime Rapid response through 911 dispatch Changing public sentiment 1960 s 70s Doubt arose over police and LE s ability to act in our best interest Problems clashes and riots o Civil rights movement o Anti vietnam protests o Prison riots attica 1971 o Research showing professional policing does not work Community policing era 1970s present What is community policing o Citizens become co owners of problems Citizens can help police solve problems in community Communicate with the police officers o Working partnership between community and police o Concerned with things like Quality of life order maintenance Ex not a lot of graffiti or garbage loitering o Broader scope of police activities Examples of some community police tactics o Neighborhood watch o Storefront police offices o Community police meetings Legitimacy citizens neighborhood community Function crime prevention and crime control Organization decentralized Relationships w community partnerships with citizens and communities Demand who directs public Tactics foot patrol problem solving community
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