POLS 1101: American Government (Fall 2021)Study Guide: Exam 2Like Exam 1, Exam 2 will consist of multiple choice, matching, and ordering questions. The exam is based on the material covered in Chapters 4-7. You will take the exam during the ninth week of the semester. You can take the exam online in iCollege using Respondus Lockdown Browser with Monitor OR you can take the exam on campus in a proctoring lab. See the syllabus for details about these options.Please note: this exam will likely be the most difficult of the semester. It covers four long anddense chapters. It is important to commit time every week to studying for the exam by using this study guide.The video in iCollege called “Options for Reviewing a Completed Chapter in Area9” will show you how to use Area9 for study purposes after you have completed a chapter. The video is located under the Content tab module folder called “Exam Study Guides” – i.e., the same place you found this study guide. It is recommended that you do the following to prepare for the exam. (The video discussed above will help you to follow this advice.)First, answer probe questions in chapters you have completed by accessing them in the Sustain column on the Area9 dashboard. The system uses learning science to predict what you most need toreview, so time spent answering probes in Sustain mode, and re-reading the segments the system directs you to, could be a highly effective and efficient way to study. Second, go back through the text of the chapters looking specifically for answers to the questions onthis study guide. If you can thoroughly answer all the questions on this study guide, then you can answer every question on the exam. The best way to use this study guide is to download it to your computer, type all relevant information under the items below (especially the items related to probes you have struggled with in Area9), and then print it out and quiz yourself on the material. When quizzing yourself, make sure to cover the answers with your hand so that you force yourself to develop your ability to recall, and not merely recognize, the answers. (NOTE: when the syllabus schedule recommends “filling out” and “reviewing” your study guide, this is what it is referring to.) Your goal should be to devote 2-4 hours per week to reviewing chapters you have already completed as recommended above. Research shows that we retain information better when we study regularly over a longer period of time rather than “cramming” at the last minute. Cram if you must, but for best results, try instead to study regularly during the weeks leading up to the exam.CHAPTER 4: THE U.S. CONSTITUTION: ORIGINS, PRINCIPLES, AND DEVELOPMENT 1. From Dependent Colonies to Declaring Independence (1763-1776)1.1 Colonial Constitutionalism- Nothing from this section will be on the exam.1.2 Road to Independence- Be sure to know and understand why American’s protested the Stamp Act and what the British argued as a counter. - Great Britain responded to the Boston Tea Party with several repressive policies. What was created in 1774 by Americans as a unified front of resistance to these new British policies?1.3 The Declaration of Independence and America’s Creed- The Declaration of Independence expressed philosophical principles that are sometimes referred to as “America’s Creed.” o What does the Declaration claim about human equality?o What does the Declaration claim about natural rights?o What does the Declaration say about the legitimate ends (i.e., purpose) of government? o According to the Declaration, what is the source of government’s legitimate authority? o According to the Declaration, what do the people have the right to do when confronted with a government that is destructive of the ends which governments should serve?2. Constitution Making during the Revolutionary War- Be sure to know and understand the sources of the ideas that influenced the Founders as they drafted constitutions during and after the Revolutionary War. For example, who was Montesquieu and what was his significance? And what was the Age of Enlightenment?2.1 Design Principles of the Original State Constitutions- The state constitutions drafted during the Revolution expanded voting rights compared to previous democratic systems, but they still excluded a majority of the population. Some states excluded more than others, but no state had anything close to universal adult enfranchisement, which is the baseline expectation in democracies today. Make sure to know which social groups (based on race, gender, and property ownership) could vote in allof the states and which social groups could not vote in any of the states.- Experience with the original state constitutions led the Founders to seek ways to control thepower of legislatures. This led them to conceive the idea of “checks and balances” between branches of government, a principle that would eventually be instituted in the U.S. Constitution. Make sure to understand this discussion in the textbook.2.2 Design Principles of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union- Make sure to know and understand the first five design principles of the Articles of Confederation discussed in the textbook and how these contributed to the weakness of the central government. Make sure to also know and understand the sixth design principle of the Articles of Confederation discussed in the textbook. (See all below with additional guiding questions)o What does the term “requisition” mean? How did it function under the Articles of Confederation? Why did the central government’s reliance on requisitions for raising revenue contribute to the weakness of the government?o What was “the great and radical vice” in the design of the Articles of Confederation according to Alexander Hamilton? Why did this “vice” contribute so greatly to the weakness of the Articles of Confederation?3. Creation of the Founders’ Constitution3.1 The Critical Period (1783-1789)- What was the Critical Period? - During the Critical Period, many political leaders contended Americans would be much better off if the states remained united rather than separate and isolated. Be sure to know and understand the reasons why unification was desired and argued for by these political leaders.- Why did most Americans believe standing armies to be the end of liberty?3.2 Constitutional Convention of 1787- What was the primary obstacle to amending the