Peeples 1 Ellys Peeples HD 101 Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Human development the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time Nature nurture the degree to which genetic or hereditary influence nature and experiential or environment influence nurture determine the kind of person you are Biopsychosocial Framework a useful way to organize the biological psychological and sociocultural forces on human development 1 Biological forces include all genetic and health related factors that affect development 2 Psychological forces include all internal perceptual cognitive emotional and personality factors that affect development most used 3 Sociocultural forces include interpersonal societal cultural and ethnic factors that affect development 4 Life cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affect people of different ages Theory organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development Psychosocial theory Erikson s proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands Epigenetic principle in Erikson s theory the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance Erikson s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development p 11 Learning Theory Behaviorism reinforcement punishment Social learning imitation Social learning Theory learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave Self efficacy people s beliefs about their own abilities and talents Bandura Piaget s Four Stages of Cognitive Development Theory p 14 1 Sensorimotor 2 Preoperational thought 3 Concrete operational thought 4 Formal operational thought Peeples 2 Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Approach p 16 emphasizes the interaction across different systems in which people operate Baltes s Life Span Perspective view that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework Multidirectionality Plasticity Historical context Multiple causation Systematic Observation watching people and carefully recoding what they do or say Naturalistic technique in which people are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real life situation Structured technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest Sampling behavior with tasks Self reports Physiological measures Reliability extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic Validity extent to which a measure actually assesses what researchers think it does Designs for Studying Development Longitudinal study longitudinal study research design in which the same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives Microgenetic study a special type of longitudinal design in which participant are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks typically with the aim of observing change directly as it occurs Cross sectional studies study in which developmental differences are indentified by testing people of different ages Sequential design developmental research design based on cross sectional and longitudinal designs Conducting Research Ethically Minimize risks to research participants Describe the research to potential participants so they can determine whether they wish to participate Avoid deceptions if participants must be deceived provide a thorough explanation of the true nature of the experiment as soon as possible Results should be anonymous or confidential Peeples 3 Chapter 2 Chromosomes threadlike structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material Autosomes first 22 pairs of chromosomes Homozygous when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same Heterozygous when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other Down syndrome extra 21st chromosome Older age is at risk Monozygotic identical the result of a single fertilized egg splitting to form two new individuals Dizygotic fraternal the result of two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm Prenatal development the many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn human Period of the Zygote Weeks 1 2 Period of the Embryo Weeks 3 8 Period of the Fetus Weeks 9 38 Placenta structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing child Age of viability age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately typically at 7 months after conception 22 weeks General Risk Factors nutrition stress mother s age Teratogen an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development Ultrasound prenatal diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to generate an image of the fetus Amniocentesis prenatal diagnostic technique that uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother s abdomen Chorionic villus sampling prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion Peeples 4 Labor In stage 1 which may last from 12 to 24 hours for a firth birthday the uterus starts to contract The first contractions are weak and irregular Gradually they become stronger and more rhythmic enlarging the cervix to approximately 10 cm In stage 2 the baby passes through the cervix and enters the vagina The mother helps push the baby along by contracting muscles in her abdomen Crowning occurs Around in hour a baby is delivered In stage 3 which lasts only minutes the mother pushes a few more times to expel the placenta Doula person familiar with childbirth who provides emotional and physical support throughout labor and delivery Hypoxia a birth complication in which umbilical blood flow is disrupted and the infant does not receive adequate oxygen Preterm babies born before the 36th week after conception Low birth weight less than 5 lbs Go over video handout Chapter 3 Newborn reflexes Babinski blink more palmar rooting stepping sucking Apgar factors heart rate respiration muscle skin tone reflexes Autonomic the newborn s ability to control body functions such as breathing and temperature regulation Motor the newborn s ability to control body movements and activity level State the newborn s ability to maintain a state Social the newborn s ability to interact with people The Newborn s States Alert inactivity calm attentive inspecting Waking activity unfocused moving a lot Crying vigorous agitated Sleeping still gentle Sudden infant death syndrome when a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason put on their backs