HD 101: Exam 2Peeples 1Chapter 4:Scheme- according to Piaget, a mental structure that organizes information and regulates behavior- changes from physical to functionalAssimilation- according to Piaget, taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows (experiences)Accommodation- according to Piaget, changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge (modified, new) 4 stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations Sensorimotor period Infancy (0-2 years)o Adapting to and exploring the environmento Object permanence- understanding, acquired in infancy, that objects exist independently of oneselfo Using symbolsPreoperational period preschool, early elem (2-7 years)o Egocentrism- difficulty in seeing the world from another’s point of view; typical of children in the preoperational periodConcrete operational period mid/ late elem (7-11 years)Formal operational period adolescence/ adult (11 years +)Animism- crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelingsCentration- according to Piget, narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of preoperational childrenNaïve physics-Classical conditioning- a form of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus and a response originally produced by anotherOperant conditioning- view of learning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, that emphasizes reward and punishment Autobiographical memory- memories of the significant events and experiences of one’s own lifeLearning to count:One-to-one principle: counting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each objectStable- order principle: counting principle that states that number names must always be counted in the same orderHD 101: Exam 2Peeples 2Cardinality principle: counting principle that the last number name denotesthe number of object being countedZone of proximal development- difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone.Scaffolding- a style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner’s needsPrivate speech- a child’s comments that are not intended for others but are designedinstead to help regulate the child’s own behaviorPhonemes- unique sounds used to create words; the basic building blocks of language Infant- directed speechCooing- early vowel-like sounds that babies produce – infantBabbling- speechlike sounds that consist of vowel-consonant combinations; common at about 6 monthsFast mapping- a child’s connections between words and referents that are made so quickly that he can’t consider all possible meaning of the wordIntonation- 8-11 monthsChapter 5:Hope- according to Erikson, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance. Erikson’s first three stages: Age Crisis StrengthInfancy Basic trust vs. mistrust Hope 1-3 years Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Will3-5 years Initiative vs. guilt PurposeWill- according to Erikson, a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when automony, shame, and doubt are balancedBowlby= children who form an attachment= more likely to survive4 phases of attachment:Preattachment birth to 6-8 weeks Attachment in making 6-8 weeks to 6-8 monthsTrue attachment 6-8 months- 18 monthsReciprocal relationships 18 months- +HD 101: Exam 2Peeples 3Forms of Attachment:Secure attachment- relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers – 60-65%Avoidant attachment- relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation- 20%Resistant attachment- relationship in which, after a brief separation, infantswant to be held but are difficult to console – 10-15%Disorganized attachment- relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers- 5-10%Make believe: cognitive developmentBasic emotions- emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements; a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behaviorSubjective- joy, anger, fear5-6 mo facial expressions2-3 mo joy emerges6 mo stranger awareness18-24 mo pride, guilt, complex4-6 mo facial expressions- to regulate emotionsSocial smiles- smile that infants produce when they see a human face Parallel play- when children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing – 12 mo. – play along sideSimple Social play- play that begins about 15-18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each otherCooperative play- play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of ageProsocial behavior- any behavior that benefits another personAltruism- prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior Empathy- experiencing another person’s feelingsCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)- genetic disorder in which girls are masculinized because the adrenal glands secrete large amounts of androgen during prenatal developmentHD 101: Exam 2Peeples 4Chapter 6:Deductive reason- drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal-operational thoughtWorking memory- type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored brieflyLong-term memory- permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence-Analytic ability- in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability of analyze problems and generate different solutionsCreative ability- in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problemsPractical ability- in Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to workBinet & Simon:Mental age (MA)- in intelligence testing, a measure of children’s performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child’sIntelligence quotient (IQ)- mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age scoreDynamic testing- measures learning potential by having a child learn something new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiner’s helpStereotype threat- an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative