The Causes of ViolenceExpressive Violence-acts that vent rage, anger, or frustrationViolence is typically associated with neurological impairment, low intelligence, psychotic symptoms such as paranoia, illogical thinking, and hallucinations○Psychological/Biological Abnormality•Two instinctive Drives:○Eros-The life instinct-drives people towards self-fulfillment and enjoyment1.Thanatos-the death instinct-produces self destruction-can be internal or external2.Human Instinct•Binge drinking, drugs such as PCP and amphetaminesPsychopharmacological Relationship-violence being the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances1.Economic Compulsive Behavior-drug users resort to violence to obtain the financial resources to support their habit2.Systemic Link-violence escalates when drug-dealing gangs flex their muscle to dominate territory and drive out rivals3.Substance Abuse•Violentization process-coined by Lonnie Athens to describe how abused kids are turned into aggressive adultsBrutalization Stage1.Violent Subjugation2.Personal Horrification3.Violent Coaching4.Belligerency Stage5.Violent Performance Stage6.Virulency Stage7.Abused Children-a number of research studies have found that children who are clinically diagnosed as abused later engage in delinquent behaviors○Socialization and Upbringing•Children living in violent conditions become crusted over-do not let people inside or express their feelings○Exposure to Violence•Gang subculture-empirical evidence shows that violence rates are highest in urban areas where subcultural values support teenage gangs whose members typically embrace the use of violenceSubculture of Violence-norms are separate from society's central, dominant value system. In this subculture, a potent theme of violence influences lifestyles○Cultural Values/Subculture of Violence•Instrumental Violence-acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminalForcible RapeHeiress stealing-poor men taking rich women to force them into marriage○Babylonian and Hebraic Law-rape of a virgin was punishable by death, if the victim was married the attacker and attacked would be sentenced to death○History of Rape•Considered a spoil of war during ancient Greek wars, Crusades, WWII, etc.○Rape and the Military•According to UCR, 88,000 rapes or attempted rapes are now reported to police each year○Higher population density increases the rape rateIncidence of Rape•Rape-is defined in common law as the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly against her willInterpersonal Violence-10Monday, October 14, 20138:27 AM Criminology Page 1Higher population density increases the rape rate○Most underreported crime○Groth-every rape includes anger, power, and sadisticAnger Rape-sexuality becomes a means of expressing and discharging pent-up anger and rage, uses brutality○Power Rape-attacker doesn't want to harm his victim, just posses her sexually○Sadistic Rape-both sexuality and aggression, caught up in ritual-may torment his victim, bind her, usually related to a person they want to destroy○Gang Rape-25%+ of rapes involve multiple offenders, victims are more likely to resist and face injury than those attacked by single offenders○Serial Rape-25% constantly increase their use of force-typically older than normal white males, limited criminal history○Date Rape-involves sexual attack during a courting relationship, typically college-age woman sexually assaulted by a dating partner (15-30% of all college women are victims of rape), only 1/4 considered the incident actual rapeStatutory Rape-sexual relations between an underage minor and an adult, although the sex is not forced or coerced, the law says that young people are incapable for giving informed consent so its nonconsensual. Marital Rape-many spousal rape are accompanied by brutal, sadistic beatings and have little to do with normal sexual interestsAcquaintance Rape-involves someone known to the victim including family members and friends○Types of Rape and Rapists•Evolutionary, Biological Factors-may be instinctual, developed as a means of maximizing offspring○Virility Mystique-the belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect, and affectionMale Socialization-some men are socialized to become aggressive with woman○Narcissistic Personality Disorder-a pattern of traits and behaviors that indicate infatuation and fixation with one's self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's gratification, dominance, and ambitionPsychological Abnormality-rapists suffer from some type of personality disorder or mental illness○Social Learning-mean learn to commit rapes much as they learn any other behavior○Sexual Motivation-NCVS data reveal that rape victims tend to be young and that rapists prefer younger, presumably more attractive victims, although most believe that rape isn't sexually motivated○The Causes of Rape•Aggravated Rapes-involve multiple offenders, weapons, and victim injuries○Consent-it is essential to prove that the attack was forced and that the victim didn’t give voluntary consent to her attacker, burden of proof○Rape and the law•Murder and HomicideMurder is defined in common law as the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.Premeditation-killing was considered beforehand and suggests it was motivated by more than a simple desire to engage in an act of violence○Deliberation-the killing was planned after careful thought rather than carried out on impulse○Felony Murder-killing accompanying a felony such as robbery or rape constitutes first degree murder○Second-Degree Murder-requires the killer to have malice aforethought but not premeditation or deliberation○Manslaughter-homicide without malice○Non-negligent Manslaughter/Voluntary Manslaughter-killing typically without a weapon committed in the heat of passion; intent is present, malice is not○Involuntary Manslaughter/Negligent Manslaughter-killing that occurs when a person's acts are negligent and without regard for the harm they man cause others; motor vehicle deaths○Degrees of Murder•The Nature and Extend of Murder•Homicide-death of another person with mitigating (less severe) circumstance Criminology Page 2Infanticide-killing young children○Filicide-killing older children○Eldercide-killing senior citizens○The Nature and Extend of Murder•Spousal