Communist Manifesto-1848 Marx described the oppressive labor conditions prevalent during the rise of industrial capitalism○Most important relationship in industrial culture is between the owners of the means of production, the capitalist bourgeoisie and the people who do the actual labor, the proletariat.Lumpen Proletariat-produce nothing, nonproductiveProductive Forces-include technology, energy sources, and material resources○Synthesis-conflict promotes social change○Dialectic method-ebb and flow of the capitalist business cycle creates social conflicts that contain the seeds of its own destruction○Productive Forces and Productive Relations•The Historical Development of Critical CriminologyA Marxist Vision of Crime•Contemporary Critical Criminology•Creating a Critical CriminologyHow Critical criminologists view and define CrimeSupranational Crimes-war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, other human rights violationsSurplus Value-the profits produced by the laboring classes that are accrued by business ownersMarginalization-a larger portion of the population is forced to live in areas conducive to crimeEach society produces its own types and amounts of crime.1.Each society has its own distinctive ways of dealing with criminal behavior.2.Each society gets the amount and type of crime that it deserves.3.Globalization•Growing global dominance for the free market capitalist system which benefits wealthy and powerful organizations and individualsIncreasing vulnerability of indigenous people with a traditional way of life to the forces of globalized capitalismGrowing influence and impact of international financial institutions and decline of local or state based institutionsThreats Posed○The process of creating transnational markets and political and legal systemsThe owners of Production(Capitalist bourgeoisie)WagesProfitsThe worker(Proletariat)The Nonproductive(Lumpen proletariat)Conflict, Critical Crim-8Monday, October 14, 20138:21 AM Criminology Page 1institutionsNondemocratic operation of international financial institutionsEach society produces its own type and amount of crime1.Each society has its own distinctive ways of dealing with criminal behavior2.Each society gets the amount and type of crime it deserves3.Illegal Domestic SurveillanceHuman Rights ViolationsState-Corporate CrimeState ViolenceActs defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, both elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government officials○State (Organized) Crime•According to Lynch and Groves, what three implications flow from the view that criminals are not social misfits but products of society and its economic system?Workersa.Business ordersb.State officialsc.All of the aboved.State organized crime are acts defined by law that are violated by _____.The law and justice system serve the powerful and rich and enable them to impose their morality and standards of behavior on the entire society; the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich but certainly are arrested and punished more often•Instrumental TheoryThe law is not the exclusive domain of the rich; used to maintain the long term interests of the capitalist system and control members of any class who threaten its existence•Structural Theory•MUMIA!Preemptive Deterrence-an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessaryJohn Lea; reject the utopian views of idealists who portray street criminals as revolutionaries. Street criminals prey on poor which abuses them twice: first by the capitalist system and then by the members of their own class○Left Realism•Patriarchal system-developed in which men's work is valued and woman's work is devalued through capitalismviews gender inequality as a stemming from the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society which leads to the exploitation of women by fathers and husbands○Critical Feminist Theory•Role Exit Behaviors-desperate measures as running away and suicide that females consider in place of traditional outlets□Paternalistic Families-fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinners while mothers have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic mattersEgalitarian Families-those in which husband and wife share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace, produce daughters that are law breaking just like their brothersHagan's view is that crime and delinquency rates are a function of two factors: class position (power) and family functions (control)○Evaluations-critics question that power/control variables can explain crime, also upper-class girls more likely Power-Control Theory•Forms of Critical Criminology Criminology Page 2Evaluations-critics question that power/control variables can explain crime, also upper-class girls more likely to deviate than lower-class peers is questionable○Peace and humanism can reduce crime, conflict resolution strategies can work•Peacemaking CriminologyRestorative Justice-relies on nonpunitive strategies for crime prevention and control•The Process of Restoration Criminology Page