Lecture Material PERCEPTIONS Perceptions Emotion motivation and cognition influence how our perception are formed EMOTIONAL STATE INFLUENCES how we see other people They ENHANCE the certain THINGS we PAY ATTENTION to that go along with that EMOTIONAL STATE Being in a certain emotional state TRIGGERS of SIMILAR EMOTIONAL STATES Definitions of schema halo effect primacy effect recency effect automatic and primary motivations Schema Schema is a cognitive structure that helps us process and organize informations o o A schema is a mental concept that informs a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations Schemas are developed based on information provided by life experiences and are then stored in memory Ex Prejudice Prejudice is one example of schema that prevents people from seeing the world as it is and inhibits them from taking in new information Halo Effect When we meet someone we focus on a central trait After selecting that trait you cluster other traits that go with it Ex if we think someone is attractive we would be more inclined to think of them as funny or smart halo effect o the tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area Primacy Effect First Impression Pick central trait Halo effect More easily recalled than items in the middle Recency effect More recent the interaction more powerful the effect o If keep building interaction overrides primacy effect Items at the beginning primacy and items at the end recency of a list or string of information are more easily recalled than items in the middle Automatic inherent within us automatically happen all people tend to pay attention to no matter who you are o Things that you are always inclined to pay attention to Long term Primed inclined to think about this thing o More motivated to learn about something because you just did it o Someone brings it up more relevant more likely to use that situation because it was just brought up o Thinking about something because it happened to you recently o Didn t notice it until they pointed it out How do emotions motivation and cognitive schemas influence our perceptions EMOTIONAL STATE INFLUENCES how we see other people They ENHANCE the certain THINGS we PAY ATTENTION to that go along with that EMOTIONAL STATE We can be primed or automatically motivated to perceive things in a certain way Being in a certain emotional state TRIGGERS of SIMILAR EMOTIONAL STATES How do schemas help us Cognitive schemas are used to Fill in missing information or gaps in our knowledge 2 make inferences or generate additional info beyond what we ve actually seen or heard Schema is a cognitive structure that helps us process and organize informations What are the three tips for what to be aware of with schemas 1 Be conscious of how your emotional state influences 2 Be aware of your long term and short term motivation for assessing communication 3 Be aware of how your thought structures influence your perception of other communication What are the 5 types of schemas 1 Personal characteristics we give to individuals objects events 2 Role if I say someone is a judge or doctor have certain roles schemas of how they behave creates a certain image schema of what you have might not match with actuality 3 Relational if you have been in romantic relationship before are we going to put label on us schemas on what we can expect opposed to just talking with that person to create schemas to understand what is expected patterns for our behavior 4 Self how we perceive ourselves tend to ignore info understand of who we are as an indiv don t think when ppl tell us we don t believe we are that if we think of ourselves we are good in that are and someone tells us that might not be the case don t like that 5 Stereotypes schemas are useful to organize info but we make certain assumptions and not let individuals create their impressions themselves how we importantly think Initiating Interactions Definitions of free information open ended vs close ended questions free information extra information contained in a response that can suggest further topics of discussion open ended What are the four guidelines for initiating interactions 1 Observe and act on approachability cues 2 Identify and use conversation starters introduce yourself find a topic 1 Yourself 2 Other People 3 The Situation b Ask Questions 1 Opened ended questions Ex study habits 2 Close ended Ex Where are you from b Follow norms for self presentation What are the four self presentation norms 1 Decorum norm Act in ways that are socially acceptable o Certain ways in which we are supposed to act o Nonverbal and verbal behaviors o In a job interview wear nice clothes not to a casual party based on the situations but some rules apply all the time o Broad norm socially appropriate o Ritualized expectations o Way we dress o Appearance o Grooming o Behavior o Topics we talk about o Don t start with sensitive topics Sex Politics Religion 2 Modesty Norm Always present ourselves as modest don t show off encourage modesty introduce yourself as Hi my name is Brian Humble information about ourselves o We should be modest humble Don t talk about how great you are o Not arrogant violates modesty norm I cant hear you over my awesomeness o Pretend to be humble when we are talking to them don t talk about yourself Tendency to not provide enough information about themselves if don t talk about yourself at all person has no info about you 3 Self disclosure norm We should reveal information about ourselves in a polite and reciprocal way Taking turns to disclose information Matching is key Certain topics are appropriate at certain levels in our relationship When you first meet someone topics that are appropriate Where they are from Not appropriate Religion How much they make Physical health condition Past romantic partner with current partner 4 Consistency norm We should present an image of ourselves that is accurate o present yourself as you are o consistent Consistent with who we really are o Genuine o Want our image to remain consistent o Online dating when I meet you in person you should be how you seemed you are o Present accurate image of yourself How should we open and close small talk conversations Close 1 Watch and use nonverbal cues 2 Leaving phrases 1 Appreciation of conversation b Apologizing from keeping the person from something c Excuse to leave Managing face Definitions of face face threatening act facework