Exsc 224 Lab Summer 2016 midtermFissure: Deep groove separating lobes of the brain Gyrus: Raised ridged region of grey matter, separated by sulci Sulcus: A groove or furrow, separates 2 gyri- Lateral Sulcus: Divides the frontal and temporal lobes- Central Sulcus: Divides the frontal and Parietal lobes - Longitudinal fissure: Divides the left and right hemispheres - Transverse Cerebral Fissures: Separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellumMotor Cortex: Controls somatic movement of skeletal musclesSomato-Sensory Cortex: Receives info from body’s sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and tendonsVisual Cortex: Receives visual info from retinas Auditory Cortex: Receives sound info from receptors in inner earCerebellum Functions:Receives info from the sensory systems, spinal cord and Areas of the brain Regulates motor movementsCoordinates voluntary movements like posture, balance and speechSpinal Cord Begins @ foramen Magnum, ends @ Conus Medullaris or L1, held in place by the Denticulate Ligaments and held taught by the Filum TerminaleFunctionsTransmission of nervous signals between the brain and rest of the bodyControls reflexes and pattern interpretation - Paresthesia: abnormal Sensation - Paralysis: loss of motor function Reflex- Rapid, predictable response to stimulus - Sub divided into 2 categories; Inborn (Suckling)and Learned (Sport reflex)- Reflexes occur in the spinal cord are sensed by the brain but are not required to ascend to the brain to be carried out, however the brain can still interpret and redirect the action of the reflex - Can be monosynaptic or polysynaptic Somatic Reflex: involves the activation of skeletal muscleAutonomic Reflex: involves activation of Visceral Effectors (ex/. Cardiac contraction)Structures involved w/ reflexes 1. Muscle spindles: Sense the length of muscle, sensitive to stretchingEx/. If muscle is stretched the spindles signal the muscle being stretched to flexa. Muscle is stretched b. Spindle senses stretch and sends afferent signal to spinal cordc. Afferent neuron synapses w/ motor neuron of quad and inhibitory neuron of hamstringd. Result: quad contracts and hamstring relaxes*Stretched muscle activated and antagonist inhibited* *Shows spinal cord is still intact at that point*2. Golgi Tendon Organ: Located in the tendon, senses tension on muscle and associated tendon, sends impulses to the CNS via sensory Fibera. High tension in muscle/tendon activates GTOb. Afferent impulse sent by spinal cord to cerebellumc. Simulates simultaneous motor neuronsAgonist motor neuron inhibited Antagonist activated d. Result: quad inhibited and hamstring activated *muscle where tension is to high will be inhibited and antagonist activated *3. Crossed Extensor Reflex : stranger pulling on arm causing you to push them away with the other a. Signal sent to spinal cord b. Afferent impulse goes to interneuronc. On Ipsilateral side: Activation of the Bicep Brachii and inhibition of tricepsd. On contralateral side: Inhibition of Bicep Brachii and activation of Triceps e. Pulled arm flexes to pull away and contra lateral arm to push them awayHeart*Major Functions: Transportation of oxygen, digested food, cell waste, electrolytes*- Located in the Medial Cavity, surrounded by the lungs, vertebral column and the sternum Apex: “bottom of the heart” anatomical position lists slightly to the left Base: “Top of the heart”, where greatest vessels leave the heart- Separated into 2 superior atria and 2 inferior ventricles a. Atrium receive blood b. Right receives oxygen poor blood from superior/ inferior venae cavae and the coronary sinusc. Left receives oxygen rich blood from the pulmonary veins d. Ventricles discharge blood e. Right pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs by the pulmonary circuitf. Left pumps oxygenated blood to body by systemic circuit Interventricular Septum: divides the heart longitudinally (Mass between ventricles)Atrioventricular valves: found between the atria and ventricles, prevent the back flow of blood into the atria Left= bicuspid or mitral valveRight= Tricuspid Chordae Tendineae : Attach valves to papillary muscle *Pathway of Blood through the Heart*Superior vena cava & inferior vena cava> right atrium> tricuspid valve> right ventricle> pulmonary artery> lung capillaries> pulmonary vein> left atrium> mitral valve> left ventricle>