EXSC 224 Lab Midterm QuestionsDefine and describe a FissureDeep Grove separating the major lobes of the brainDefine and describe the Gyri Raised areas of grey matter between 2 sulciDefine and describe the SulciA shallow groove or furrow that separates gyri What areas of the brain are separated by the Lateral Sulcus?The frontal and temporal lobesWhat areas of the brain are separated by the central sulcus?The frontal and parietal lobesWhat areas of the brain are separated by the Longitudinal Fissure?The left and right Hemispheres What is the function of the Motor Cortex? Controls the somatic motor function of skeletal muscle What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?It receives info from the body’s sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscle, joints and tendons Describe the function of the visual cortexReceives visual info from the retinasDescribe the function of the auditory cortexReceives info from the receptors in the inner ear Describe the functions of the cerebellumReceives information from the sensory systems, spinal cord, and area of the brain that regulate motor movementsIt aids in the control of voluntary motor movementsAnd unconsciously controls various actions like posture, balance and speech*know the diagram of the brain and brain areas* *Know the Cranial nerves and their category with function*What components make up the Peripheral NS?The cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors Where does the spinal cord begin? Where does it end?The foremen magnum; the Conus medullaris (L1) What structures hold the spinal cord in a central location inside the vertebral column?Denticulate Ligaments and the Filum Terminale What is Paresthesia?Loss of sensation or abnormal sensationWhat is Paralysis?Loss of motor function Describe a reflexA rapid predictable response to a stimulus, occurs in the spinal cord and is capable of taking place w/o input from the CNS but the CNS is always aware of reflexes and can consciously change themWhat is and inborn reflex and provide an exampleA reflex one is born with ex/. Suckling reflex What is a learned reflex and provide an exampleA reflex one develops through experience ex/. Sports reflex What is the difference between somatic reflexes and Autonomic reflexes?Somatic reflexes occur in the skeletal muscle and autonomic reflexes occur in the visceraleffectors (intestines, heart, stomach, ect…)What are muscle spindles? Bundles of muscle fibers that sense the length of muscle and allow it to be sensitive to stretching Describe the steps of a muscle spindle reflex1. Muscle spindle is stretched 2. The spindle sense an afferent signal to the spinal cord3. Afferent neuron synapses with motor neuron of quad and inhibitory neuron of hamstring4. Result: the Quad contracts and the hamstring relaxes*Stretched muscle contracts and antagonist relaxes*What is the Golgi tendon organ?A receptor located in the tendon, senses tension of the muscle and the tendon attached to it, sends impulses to the CNS via sensory fiberDescribe the steps of the Golgi Tendon Reflex1. High tension is sensed in the muscle/ tendon and activates the GTO2. Afferent impulses are sent by the spinal cord to the cerebellum 3. Stimulates simultaneous motor neurons - protagonist motor neuron inhibited - antagonist motor neuron activated4. Result: the quad inhibited and hamstring activated *Muscle where tension is detected will be inhibited and its antagonist activated *Describe the action of the crossed extensor reflexA stargazer pulls on your arm causes your opposite arm to push them awayDescribe the steps of the crossed extensor reflex1. Signal sent by afferent neuron to the spinal cord2. Afferent neuron synapses with interneuron 3. On ipsilateral side: activation of the bicep brachiiOn contralateral side: activation of triceps4. Result: Pulled arm flexes to pull away and opposite arm pushes them away List the major functions of the heartTransportation of oxygen, cell waste, digested food particles, electrolytes,….Describe where the heart is locatedIn the medial cavity, posterior to the lungs and sternum but anterior to the vertebral column What is the apex of the heart?Bottom of the heart, the tip of the 2 ventricles, in anatomical position it is located at a slight left tiltWhat is the base of the heart?The top of the heart, where the veins and arteries enter and exitDescribe the functions of the atria- Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus; pumps blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve - Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood to theleft ventricle through the bicuspid valveDescribe the functions of the ventricles - Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the capillaries in the lungs by way of the pulmonary circuit through the pulmonary semilunar valve- Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body by the systemic circuit through the aortic semilunar valve, also has the thickest lining of cardiac muscleWhat structure separates the left and right ventricles?The interventricular septum What are the chordae tendineae?Fibers that connect the valves to the papillary