ParentingFriday, November 6, 20158:03 PM-Parenting styles-Baumrind - 4 dimensions Role of Parent-Caretaker-Promoting and supporting child's needs of developmentoPhysicaloSocial, relationaloEmotional, emotion regulationoCognitive, intellectualoSpiritual, psychological, moral-Self-esteem, self-concept, self-control-How can a parent facilitate and support some of the important developmental tasks of children? Aspects of Parenting that are Important in Regard to Raising a Child-Parental beliefs, expectations and standards-Parental knowledge and understanding-Parental skills and strategies (including communication style)-Parental attachment, emotional availability Baumrind-Baumrind (1967, 1971) studied 100 preschool children, all from California, almost all middle-class European Americans-(The cohort and cultural limitations of this sample were not obvious at the time)-Baumrind found that parents differed on four important dimensions Dimensions of Caregiving Styles1. Expressions of warmthoHow affectionateoHow criticaloHow warm or cold when interact2. Strategies for disciplineoParents vary in whether and how they explain, criticize, persuade, ignore and punish3. CommunicationoHow do parents talk to their young children?oSome parents listen patiently to their children; others demand silence4. Expectations for maturityoParents vary in the standards they set for their children regarding responsibility and self-control Baumrind's Styles of Caregiving-Authoritarian parentingoHigh behavioral standards, expectationsoStrict punishment of misconductoLittle communicationoOften low in warmthoChildren are expected to be obedient and follow rules established by the parents-"Do as you are told"-"Because I said so"-Permissive parentingoHigh nurturance and warmthoHigh communicationoHigh in acceptance, and not necessarily high in expectationsoLittle discipline, guidance, or controloOften ends sentence "okay?" when making a request-Authoritative parentingoParents sets limits make expectations clearoEnforces rulesoTries to help child make good choicesoFlexible and listen to their childrenoCaring, warm and empathetic-Uninvolved (often mistaken for permissive style)oNeglectful parenting-Parents are indifferent toward their children-Lack empathy-Unaware of what is going on in their children's lives (Sternberg) Potential Long-Term Effects of Parenting Style-Children of authoritarian parents tend tooBecome conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happyoFeel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things do not go welloRebel more often as adolescents-Children of permissive parents tend tooBe unhappy and lack self-control, especially in peer relationshipsoSuffer from inadequate emotional regulationoBe immature and lack friendships (main reason for their unhappiness)oSometimes continue to live at home, more/longer dependent, in early adulthood-Children of authoritative parents tend tooBe successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with othersoBe well-liked by teachers and peers, especially in societies in which individual initiative isvalued Critique of Baumrind Categorizations-Original sample had little economic, ethnic, or cultural diversity-More focus was on attitudes than on daily interactions-No recognition that some authoritarian parents are very loving toward their children-No recognition that some permissive parents will guide their children intensely but with words, not rules-Child's contribution to the parent-child relationship overlookedCultural Variations-Parental influenceoThree-way interaction influences outcome of any parenting style-Child's temperament and development-Parent's qualities: personality, marital relationship, mental health-Social and cultural contextoGiven a multicultural and multicontextual perspective, more hesitate to recommend any particular parenting style Expectations Parents Have-Role of parental expectations of children How Can Knowledge of Development Help Parents-Expectations?-Discipline?-Look back to the last weeks: what are characteristics of young children that may be important for parents to understand when parenting? Inappropriate Expectations-Example: abusive parentoAbusive parents tend to inaccurately perceive the skills and abilities of their children-EffectsoLow regard for self (concept, esteem, worth)oFeelings of failureoCannot please othersoAngry and anxious attachments Discipline-Methods for young children? Time Out and Talking?-Time outoFor some children and in some cultures, sitting alone is an effective form of punishment; for others, it produces an angry childoTechnique-Child is separated from activities or toys or people for a specified time-Disengage from child for time away from parentohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFZInf15_QM-InductionoTalk to child in attempt to understand misbehavioroTechnique-Parents talk to help the children understand why their behavior was wrong-Parents listen as children articulate their emotions and encourage children to explore alternative behavioroConversation helps children internalize standards, but induction takes time and patienceDiscipline with Dignity-Establish clear family rules-Choices and consequences-Verbal and physical redirection-Praise for being and doing-Privileges as rewards-Objects as rewards-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3iMORZK49U-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd2o2BoNNss Why Do Parents Hit Their Children?-Explanations given by parentsoTo teach them right from wrongoAs a form of punishmentoBased on religious writings and teachingsoOut of an act of love for their well-beingoBecause it’s a cultural or family practice - it is what I knowoFor their own good - to "prepare them for the real world" Discipline-Physical punishmentoSome researchers believe that physical punishment is harmless, some do notoPhysical punishment increases obedience temporarily, but increases the possibility of later bullying, delinquency, and abusive behavioroPhysical punishment correlates with delayed theory of mind and increased aggression Other Forms of Discipline-Psychological controloDisciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents-Psychological control correlationsoHigher parent control; lower child math scoresoDepressed child achievement, creativity, social acceptanceoIncreased relational aggression No Simple Answer-Methods of discipline vary in consequences and effectiveness, depending