Friday, September 18, 20152:18 PMChapter 7: Social/Emotional Development -Social Emotional Development of infant 1st 2 years-Friday - review infant development to prepare for exam-Monday - exam over 3 chapters/3 lectures-EC assignment Infant and Toddler Emotional Development-Emotional regulationoSelf-awarenessoTemperamentoAttachmentoDay care What are the functions of emotions?-Communication-Building social relationships-Source of pleasure and pain Ages When Emotions Emerge Smiling and Laughing-Social smile (6 weeks) - evoked when viewing human faces-Laughter (3-4 months) - often associated with curiosity-Pleasure and surprise (4-8 months)Anger and Sadness-AngeroFirst expressed at around 6 monthsoA response to frustration-SadnessoAppears in first monthsoStressful experience for infants Fear and Anxiety-FearoEmerges about 9 monthsoIn response to people, things, situations-Stranger warinessoInfant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close-Separation anxietyoTears, dismay, anger occur when a familiar caregiver leaves (normal)oA concern if it remains very strong after age 3, it may be a symptom of an emotional or developmental disorder Toddler Emotional Development-Toddlers emotionsoLaughing and crying become louder and more discriminatingoAnger and fear become less frequent and more focusedoTemper tantrums may appear "terrible twos" (emotion intensifies)-New emotionsoPrideoShameoEmbarrassmentoDisgustoGuilt-By age 2, most toddlers display entire spectrum of emotions and begin to regulate their reactions Emotional Regulation-Learns to initiate and inhibit and modulate internal feeling states-Infant uses information about others' emotional expression to regulate themselves-An interactional synchrony between mother and infant gets establishedoTurn takingoIf mother fails to respond, infant shows distress Emotional Development-(1-12 months) express interest, distress, fear, anxiety, anger-(12-24 months) uses words to describe emotions, regulates emotions, display more emotions like guild and shame-(3-4 years) can understand cause and effect of emotions (ex. can use a calculated tantrum) Self-awareness-Person's realization that he/she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people-At 18 months, he is at the beginning of self-awareness, testing to see whether his mirror image will meet his fingeroFirst 4 months - infants have no sense of self, may see themselves as part of their motherso5 months - infants begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their motherso15-18 months - emergence of the "me-self", sense of self as the object of one's knowledge Mirror Recognition-Classic experiment-Babies aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses-None of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them-15-24 month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity Temperament-Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation-Organizes the child's approach to the world-Temperament is epigenetic, originating in the genes but affected by child-rearing practices The 9 Temperament Traits-Classic child development research conducted by Chess and Thomas-Identified 9 temperamental traits1. Activity Level-Child's speed or how active the child is generally2. Distractibility-Degree of concentration and paying attention displayed when a child is not particularly interested in an activity3. Intensity-Reactions4. Sensory Threshold-Related to how sensitive the child is to physical stimuli-Amount of stimulation (sounds, tastes, touch, temperature changes) needed to produce a response in the child5. Regularity-Predictability of biological functions like appetite and sleep6. Approach/withdrawal-Refers to the child's characteristic response to a new situation/ a change or strangers7. Adaptability-Related to how easily the child adapts to transitions and changes, like switching to a new activity8. Persistence-Length of time a child continues in activities in the face of obstacles9. Mood-Tendency to react to the world primarily in a positive or negative way New York Longitudinal Study-40% easy-10% difficulty-15% slow to warm up Development of Social Bonds-AttachmentoInvolves lasting emotional bond that one person has with anotheroBegins to form in early infancyoParent and infant responding to each other-8 months to 2 years - demonstrated through proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining-Age 2 - if secure and safe, attachment is a launching pad - can go out and explore the world History of Attachment Theory Development of Social Bonds: Attachment Types-(TYPE B) Secure attachmentoInfant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his/her caregiver-(TYPE A) Insecure-avoidant attachmentsoInfant avoids connection with caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return-(TYPE C) Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachmentoAnxiety and uncertainty are evidentoInfant becomes upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion-(TYPE D) Disorganized attachmentoMarked by infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and returnPatterns of infant attachment - developing person through childhood and adolescence Development of Social Bonds: Measuring Attachment-Strange situationoLaboratory procedure for measuring attachmentoEvoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom-Key observed behaviorsoExploration of the toys. A secure toddler plays happilyoReaction to the caregivers departure. A secure toddler misses the caregiveroReaction to the caregivers return. A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver's reappearance What makes attachment easy or difficult?-Infant and maternal factors Infant characteristics making attachments more difficultoPhysically unattractiveoWeak reflexesoIrritableoLittle pleasant vocalizationoIrritating, shrill cryoEasily over stimulated Caregiver characteristics hindering attachmentoMaternal depressionoMaternal stress - abused motheroMother doesn't want babyoMother unable to take leadoMother insensitive to infantoParental stress - relationship conflict Development of Social Bonds: Insecure Attachment and Social Setting-Harsh contexts, especially the stresses of poverty, reduce the