Parenting Friday November 6 2015 8 03 PM Parenting styles Baumrind 4 dimensions Role of Parent Caretaker Promoting and supporting child s needs of development o Physical o Social relational o Emotional emotion regulation o Cognitive intellectual o Spiritual psychological moral Self esteem self concept self control How can a parent facilitate and support some of the important developmental tasks of children Aspects of Parenting that are Important in Regard to Raising a Child Parental beliefs expectations and standards Parental knowledge and understanding Parental skills and strategies including communication style Parental attachment emotional availability Baumrind Baumrind 1967 1971 studied 100 preschool children all from California almost all middleclass European Americans The cohort and cultural limitations of this sample were not obvious at the time Baumrind found that parents differed on four important dimensions Dimensions of Caregiving Styles 1 Expressions of warmth o How affectionate o How critical o How warm or cold when interact 2 Strategies for discipline o Parents vary in whether and how they explain criticize persuade ignore and punish 3 Communication o How do parents talk to their young children o Some parents listen patiently to their children others demand silence 4 Expectations for maturity o Parents vary in the standards they set for their children regarding responsibility and selfcontrol Baumrind s Styles of Caregiving Authoritarian parenting o High behavioral standards expectations o o o o Strict punishment of misconduct Little communication Often low in warmth Children are expected to be obedient and follow rules established by the parents Do as you are told Because I said so Permissive parenting o High nurturance and warmth o High communication o High in acceptance and not necessarily high in expectations o Little discipline guidance or control o Often ends sentence okay when making a request Authoritative parenting o Parents sets limits make expectations clear o Enforces rules o Tries to help child make good choices o Flexible and listen to their children o Caring warm and empathetic Uninvolved often mistaken for permissive style o Neglectful parenting Parents are indifferent toward their children Lack empathy Unaware of what is going on in their children s lives Sternberg Potential Long Term Effects of Parenting Style Children of authoritarian parents tend to o Become conscientious obedient and quiet but not especially happy o Feel guilty or depressed and blame themselves when things do not go well o Rebel more often as adolescents Children of permissive parents tend to o Be unhappy and lack self control especially in peer relationships o Suffer from inadequate emotional regulation o Be immature and lack friendships main reason for their unhappiness o Sometimes continue to live at home more longer dependent in early adulthood Children of authoritative parents tend to o Be successful articulate happy with themselves and generous with others o Be well liked by teachers and peers especially in societies in which individual initiative is valued Critique of Baumrind Categorizations Original sample had little economic ethnic or cultural diversity More focus was on attitudes than on daily interactions No recognition that some authoritarian parents are very loving toward their children No recognition that some permissive parents will guide their children intensely but with words not rules Child s contribution to the parent child relationship overlooked Cultural Variations Parental influence o Three way interaction influences outcome of any parenting style Child s temperament and development Parent s qualities personality marital relationship mental health Social and cultural context o Given a multicultural and multicontextual perspective more hesitate to recommend any particular parenting style Expectations Parents Have Role of parental expectations of children How Can Knowledge of Development Help Parents Expectations Discipline Look back to the last weeks what are characteristics of young children that may be important for parents to understand when parenting Inappropriate Expectations Example abusive parent o Abusive parents tend to inaccurately perceive the skills and abilities of their children Effects o Low regard for self concept esteem worth o Feelings of failure o Cannot please others o Angry and anxious attachments Discipline Methods for young children Time Out and Talking Time out o For some children and in some cultures sitting alone is an effective form of punishment for others it produces an angry child o Technique Child is separated from activities or toys or people for a specified time Disengage from child for time away from parent o http www youtube com watch v VFZInf15 QM Induction o Talk to child in attempt to understand misbehavior o Technique Parents talk to help the children understand why their behavior was wrong Parents listen as children articulate their emotions and encourage children to explore alternative behavior o Conversation helps children internalize standards but induction takes time and patience Discipline with Dignity Establish clear family rules Choices and consequences Verbal and physical redirection Praise for being and doing Privileges as rewards Objects as rewards https www youtube com watch v B3iMORZK49U https www youtube com watch v Hd2o2BoNNss Why Do Parents Hit Their Children Explanations given by parents o To teach them right from wrong o As a form of punishment o Based on religious writings and teachings o Out of an act of love for their well being o Because it s a cultural or family practice it is what I know o For their own good to prepare them for the real world Discipline Physical punishment o Some researchers believe that physical punishment is harmless some do not o Physical punishment increases obedience temporarily but increases the possibility of later bullying delinquency and abusive behavior o Physical punishment correlates with delayed theory of mind and increased aggression Other Forms of Discipline Psychological control o Disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a child s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents Psychological control correlations o Higher parent control lower child math scores o Depressed child achievement creativity social acceptance o Increased relational aggression No Simple Answer Methods of discipline vary in