Friday September 18 2015 2 18 PM Chapter 7 Social Emotional Development Social Emotional Development of infant 1st 2 years Friday review infant development to prepare for exam Monday exam over 3 chapters 3 lectures EC assignment Infant and Toddler Emotional Development Emotional regulation o Self awareness o Temperament o Attachment o Day care What are the functions of emotions Communication Building social relationships Source of pleasure and pain Ages When Emotions Emerge Smiling and Laughing Social smile 6 weeks evoked when viewing human faces Laughter 3 4 months often associated with curiosity Pleasure and surprise 4 8 months Anger and Sadness Anger o First expressed at around 6 months o A response to frustration Sadness o Appears in first months o Stressful experience for infants Fear and Anxiety Fear o Emerges about 9 months o In response to people things situations Stranger wariness o Infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close Separation anxiety o Tears dismay anger occur when a familiar caregiver leaves normal o A concern if it remains very strong after age 3 it may be a symptom of an emotional or developmental disorder Toddler Emotional Development Toddlers emotions o Laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating o Anger and fear become less frequent and more focused o Temper tantrums may appear terrible twos emotion intensifies New emotions o Pride o Shame o Embarrassment o Disgust o Guilt By age 2 most toddlers display entire spectrum of emotions and begin to regulate their reactions Emotional Regulation Learns to initiate and inhibit and modulate internal feeling states Infant uses information about others emotional expression to regulate themselves An interactional synchrony between mother and infant gets established o Turn taking o If mother fails to respond infant shows distress Emotional Development 1 12 months express interest distress fear anxiety anger 12 24 months uses words to describe emotions regulates emotions display more emotions like guild and shame 3 4 years can understand cause and effect of emotions ex can use a calculated tantrum Self awareness Person s realization that he she is a distinct individual whose body mind and actions are separate from those of other people At 18 months he is at the beginning of self awareness testing to see whether his mirror image will meet his finger o First 4 months infants have no sense of self may see themselves as part of their mothers o 5 months infants begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their mothers o 15 18 months emergence of the me self sense of self as the object of one s knowledge Mirror Recognition Classic experiment Babies aged 9 24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses None of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them 15 24 month olds showed self awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity Temperament Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions activity and self regulation Organizes the child s approach to the world Temperament is epigenetic originating in the genes but affected by child rearing practices The 9 Temperament Traits Classic child development research conducted by Chess and Thomas Identified 9 temperamental traits 1 Activity Level Child s speed or how active the child is generally 2 Distractibility Degree of concentration and paying attention displayed when a child is not particularly interested in an activity 3 Intensity Reactions 4 Sensory Threshold Related to how sensitive the child is to physical stimuli Amount of stimulation sounds tastes touch temperature changes needed to produce a response in the child 5 Regularity Predictability of biological functions like appetite and sleep 6 Approach withdrawal Refers to the child s characteristic response to a new situation a change or strangers 7 Adaptability Related to how easily the child adapts to transitions and changes like switching to a new activity 8 Persistence Length of time a child continues in activities in the face of obstacles Mood Tendency to react to the world primarily in a positive or negative way 9 New York Longitudinal Study 40 easy 10 difficulty 15 slow to warm up Development of Social Bonds Attachment o Involves lasting emotional bond that one person has with another o Begins to form in early infancy o Parent and infant responding to each other 8 months to 2 years demonstrated through proximity seeking and contact maintaining Age 2 if secure and safe attachment is a launching pad can go out and explore the world History of Attachment Theory Development of Social Bonds Attachment Types TYPE B Secure attachment o Infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his her caregiver TYPE A Insecure avoidant attachments o Infant avoids connection with caregiver as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver s presence departure or return TYPE C Insecure resistant ambivalent attachment o Anxiety and uncertainty are evident o Infant becomes upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion TYPE D Disorganized attachment o Marked by infant s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver s departure and return Patterns of infant attachment developing person through childhood and adolescence Development of Social Bonds Measuring Attachment Strange situation o Laboratory procedure for measuring attachment o Evoking infants reactions to the stress of various adults comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom Key observed behaviors o Exploration of the toys A secure toddler plays happily o Reaction to the caregivers departure A secure toddler misses the caregiver o Reaction to the caregivers return A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver s reappearance What makes attachment easy or difficult Infant and maternal factors Infant characteristics making attachments more difficult o Physically unattractive o Weak reflexes o Irritable o Little pleasant vocalization o Irritating shrill cry o Easily over stimulated Caregiver characteristics hindering attachment o Maternal depression o Maternal stress abused mother o Mother doesn t want baby o Mother unable to take lead o Mother insensitive to infant o Parental stress relationship conflict Development of Social Bonds Insecure Attachment and Social Setting Harsh contexts especially the stresses of poverty reduce the incidence of