2 1 2016 HISTORY SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGY PSY 401 TOPIC 6 MECHANIZATION QUANTIFICATION MECHANIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION T HE RE I S NO BOD I LY OR M E NT AL AT T RI BU T E WHI CH CANNOT BE GRI PPE D AND CONSOLI DATED I NTO AN OGI VE WI TH A SM OOTH OU TLI NE GALTON 1883 1907 2 3 1 2 1 2016 MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR T H E WH O AN D H O W O F E AR L Y M E AS UR E M E N T 4 Thomas Hobbes Fearless intellectual adventurer 5 HOBBES 1588 1679 Life Very fragile Mother troubled by predictions that 1 588 years after the virgin birth earth shattering catastrophes were going to occur Oxford Well paid Tutor Argued with Descartes Considered a corruptor of morals Spoke against biblical literalism Authority of Pope 6 2 2 1 2016 HOBBES IDEAS Rationalist Against Bacons Empiricism Sought truth from facts but must be done through deduction Knowledge has its origins in sensory impressions from physical movement activating the sense organs Phantasms Motions in the brain Experience Knowledge Knowledge Science 7 Leviathan 1651 Important Psychological and Political work 8 HOBBES IDEAS Powerful drives governed behavior Self interest Self preservation Without the civil state we have continual fear and danger of violent death and the life of man is solitary poor nasty brutish and short 9 3 2 1 2016 BACK TO DESCARTES ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 10 Francini Brothers water automata at Ch teau de Saint Germain en Laye 11 DESCARTES INSPRIATION The Automata inspired his theory of movement in nerves NB nerve bundles known but not cells Nerve fibers filled with fluid like the water pipes Fluids came from refined distilled blood In turn came from digestive juices Nerves spirits Nerve fed the muscle which then billowed out This made the limb move 12 4 2 1 2016 How body responds to a stimulus 13 MORE MECHANICAL DESCARTES A lot of movements Non Reflective Have their origins in senses which activate spirits Animals as Gods creations better than man made machines No qualitative difference though Animals do not have pineal glands Passions occur when the soul struggles to override the body 14 Jan Swammerdam Spirits I don t think so 15 5 2 1 2016 JAN SWAMMERDAM 1637 1680 Tested Descartes theory of movement Proved that spirits did not inflate the muscles Cut muscle and its still contracts Distinction between sensory and muscle nerves 16 Think of this time in our history what is interesting the public and great thinkers UNZER 1727 1799 Reflexes Identical in decapitated and intact people and animals Afferent Efferent Studied the relationship between consciousness and nervous activity Was all nervous activity contributing to consciousness Was it just high level activity generated by the brain 18 6 2 1 2016 Julien Offray De La Mettrie thinking machine 19 JULIEN OFFRAY DE LA METTRIE 17091751 Determinist L Homme Machine 1748 Man a Machine Origins in Descartes ideas Deterministic evolutionary mechanistic point of view Mental events depend on bodily events Clarity of thought related to body temperature Good physical health good mental health Brain injuries mental debilitation 20 JULIEN OFFRAY DE LA METTRIE the model of a thinking machine into which sense perceptions feed ideas in the form of coded symbols that are in turn stored classed compared and combined by the cerebral apparatus in order to engender all the known varieties of thought Hold this thought for 1950 s Psychology No qualitative difference between man and animal Yes we have language but not enough to make us unique Teaching apes to speak Why not Hold this thought for 1960 70 s psychology 21 7 2 1 2016 MAPPING THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM A C H AN G E I N F O C US 22 LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION Francois Magendie Franz Joesph Gall Pierre Flourens Paul Brocca Carl Wernicke 23 FRANCOIS MAGENDIE Father of experimental physiology Proved Charles Bell s theory the Bell Magendie law Founder of experimental pharmacology 1817 Pr cis l mentaire de physiologie A Summary of Physiology the first modern physiology textbook 24 8 2 1 2016 FRANZ JOSEPH GALL you ought to have your head examined gave psychology its most extreme theory of localization of function Personality and intelligence traits localized in particular areas of the brain Ideas about phrenology offensive to religious and political authority Folk psychology at its worst Pseudoscience 25 A SECOND LOOK AT PHRENOLOGY http www youtube com watch v JSPcfc7um74 26 PIERRE FLOURENS Against Phrenology Supporting localization of function Respiratory function in the Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum mediates muscle coordination Cerebrum higher level cognitive function and perceptions Not really brain functions as a whole Highly interconnected networks Plasticity 27 9 2 1 2016 PAUL BROCA We do actually have at least some localization Mental institute patient Tan Fluid filled cavity in left frontal lobe 28 CARL WERNICKE Superior portion of the left temporal lobe interferes with speech comprehension They could speak but not understand language 29 HISTORY SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGY PSY 401 TOPIC 6 MECHANIZATION QUANTIFICATION 10 2 1 2016 NEW METHODS A D V A N C E M E N T TH R O U G H B E TTE R M E TH O D O L O G I E S 31 OBSERVING AND MEASURING Fritsch Hitzig Jaques Qu telet Sir Francis Galton 32 FRITSCH HITZIG Fritsch Hitzig Pioneers in electrophysiology Using dogs stimulated one side of the cortex Measured response in the opposite side of the body Methods developed influenced evolution of psychology as a discipline 33 11 2 1 2016 JAQUES QU TELE One of the most underestimated figures in psychology Relationship between age and criminal activity Statistics Average Man Influenced Florence Nightingale 34 FRANCIS GALTON 1822 1911 Obsession with counting Statistical Inquires into the Effectiveness of Prayer 1872 Co relations and their Measurements 1888 Hereditary genius 1869 Eugenics First use of questionnaire in Psychology there is no bodily or mental attribute which cannot be gripped and consolidated into an ogive with a smooth outline HEREDITARY TALENT AND CHARACTER GALTON 1865 I F I N D TH AT TH E M O TH E R H AS B Y N O M E AN S TH E M O N O P O L Y O F TR AN S M I S S I O N I J US TI F Y M Y C O N C L US I O N S B Y S TATI S T I C S 12 2 1 2016 THOUGHT PROVOKING READING 3 2MIN PAPER If a twentieth part of the cost and pains were spent in measures for the improvement of the human race that is spent on the improvement of the breed of horses and cattle what a galaxy of genius might we not create 1865 Breed for intellectual power are