1/20/20161P S Y 4 0 1 / TO P I C 1O V E R V I E W & C R I T I C A L I S S U E S I N H I S T O R I C AL S TU D I E SHISTORY & SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGYTODAY:• Class Expectations• Lecture 1 – Critical Issues in Historical Studies1/20/20162COURSE INFORMATION• Canvas• Syllabus• Assignments• Readings• Quizzes• Grades• SyllabusHOW WILL YOU EARN YOUR GRADE5Assignment/GradingDue Date Points1. 2-min papers - Thought Provoking Readings/Group Discussions (10 pts X 10)ongoing 1002. Exams (Midterm & Final; 120 pts X 2)3/9; 5/10 2403. POPULAR PRESS/STUDENT EDITORIAL –SUBMITVIA CANVAS2/22 504. Individual Research Paper – submit via Canvas4/29 125Total Points Possible515 (100%)1/20/20163• EMAIL….• [email protected]• Office Hours:• Clark Building – C011; M 12:30-1:307BEST WAY TO CONTACT ME….EXPECTATIONS• Learner-Centered class/ Active participation• I will present some of the class in formal lecture style• Read prior to coming to class & actively learn with the lectures• Discussion groups to engage in critical thinking and apply what you are readingWHY TAKE THIS CLASS….“A PSYCHOLOGICAL SOPHISTICATION THAT CONTAINSNO COMPONENT OF HISTORICAL ORIENTATION SEEMS TO METO BE NO SOPHISTICATION AT ALL.”E. G. BORING (1950)1/20/20164CAPSTONE?• Crowing achievement; culmination• Chance for discussion…….yes you will need to talk to me…..and each other! • Integration…..research paper…..yikes….writing!!!• Synthesis – the combining of the constituent elements of separate material or abstract entities into a single or unified entity• Don‘t be critical….think critically!!CRITICAL ISSUES IN HISTORICAL STUDIES• Why Study History?• HistoriographyWHY STUDY HISTORY?T H I N K O F O N E P A S T E V E N T T H A T H A S S H A P E D Y O U R V I E W O F T H E F U T U R ET H I N K O F O N E P R E S E N T E V E N T T H A T Y O U T H I N K W I L L I N F L U E N C E Y O U R F U T U R E1/20/20165HISTORY AS A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE FUTURE…• “The less [we know] about the past and the present the more insecure must prove [our] judgment of the future” (Freud, 1927-1961)• Learning from History?• Learning from mistakes?DO WE ALWAYS LEARN FROM HISTORY?Mark Twain: "History doesn't repeat itself, but it does rhyme."As a Society, do we think historically?Qualitative Methods – Early• Aristotle• Darwin• Ethnology • Lorenz• Clinical• Freud• Introspection• Early Cognition• Social• IO• Health Psychology & Psychology of Women• Gilligan (USA)• Human Computer Interaction• Cognitive Neuroscience• Mixed methodsEXAMPLE FROM PSYCHOLOGY…Qualitative Methods – Late151/20/20166• History as a Contribution to Liberal Education• History Teaches Humility• History Teaches a Healthy Skepticism• History Influences Human Thought Processes16WHAT CAN THE STUDY OF HISTORY DO FOR US?17History as a Contribution to Liberal Education• Enables us to overcome• “Narrow Provincial class and regional prejudices” (Watson, 1966)• Leading to a more informed and integrated perspective• Important for advancement of understanding• We are able to access great minds and solutions to our questions• Skinner – great mind, Beyond dignity and Freedom• Pavlov – Classical Conditioning applied, and its resurgence with Rescorla WagnerHistory Teaches Humility18History Teaches a Healthy Skepticism• We can avoid “straw men”• Craniometry & Race and Sex• Repressed memories• Computers = Brains• “Liberate ourselves from the persuasions of fashions” (Jaynes, 1973)• “ gives us distance not only from our immediate objective, but from our own thinking” (Henle, 1976)• We become aware of the errors of others• Keeps us thinking straightHistory Influences Human Thought Processes1/20/2016719SOME PROBLEMS WITH THE STUDY OF HISTORY• “History is the interpretative study of the events of the human past. The definition assumes empirical and explanatory components of the work of the Historian” (King, Viney & Woody, 2009)20CAN WE DEFINE HISTORY?• History does not normally involve direct observations• If they did would they be objective?• Painters or Photographers?• Skinner as a disbeliever in mind…• Are all sides of the argument portrayed fairly?• Chomsky & Skinner and language21CAN HISTORY BE OBJECTIVE?1/20/20168• We are all biased & have limitations• “I am not always right, but I am never wrong”• Does the present bias how we view the past?• Are our prejudices influencing our view of past and present?• Can we objectively capture the past because of this?22THE TYRANNY OF THE PRESENTPRESENTISM AND HISTORICISM•Historicism • understanding the past for its own sake•Presentism• difficulties in separating historical facts from current biases•Room for a middle ground?IS THERE A PATTERN IN HISTORY?• The cyclical hypothesis• The linear-progressive hypothesis• The linear-regressive hypothesis • The chaos hypothesis1/20/20169• Zeitgeist (Time)• Ortgeist (Place)25WHAT MAKES A PERSON GREAT?WHAT MAKES A PERSON GREAT?• Great Person?• Do people cause things? (Wundt, Freud, Pavlov….)• Is there causation in History?• William James “Causal interplay between people and their environment” (King, Viney & Woody, 2009)A T T H E B E G I N N I N G ?SO WHERE DO WE START?271/20/20161028ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY…F RO M T H E AP A MI L E S T O N E S I N T H E H I S T O R Y O F P S Y C H O LO G YJAN 22ND• 1561 — Francis Bacon was born. Bacon vitalized and articulated the modern philosophy of empiricism, the foundation of all modern science, including experimental psychology.• 1821 — The Ohio legislature authorized construction of the state's first mental hospital. Located in Cincinnati, the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio was ready to admit patients on January 26, 1824• 1891 — Franz Alexander was born. Alexander and his Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis promoted the expansion of psychoanalytic theory and practice to include important social, hereditary, and environmental factors. He helped to establish the field of psychosomatic medicine. • 1963 — Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross, and Sheila Ross's article "Imitation of Film-Mediated Aggressive Models" was published in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. This was the well-known "Bobo Doll" study of imitated aggression. • 1969