2/5/20161P S Y 4 0 1 – T O P I C 3E A R L Y P S Y C H O L O G I C A L T H O U G H THISTORY & SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGY• China• Egypt• Ancient views on mental illness • Greece2ANCIENTS3Worldview organized around the number 5• Metal (Chinese: 金, pinyin: jīn, ) (Though in modern Chinese, "金" mostly means "gold".) • wood (Chinese: 木, pinyin: mù) • water (Chinese: 水, pinyin: shuǐ) • fire (Chinese: 火, pinyin: huǒ), and • earth (Chinese: 土, pinyin: tǔ, ). • Confucius 551-479BC• Ruler/Minister• Father & Son• Husband & Wife• Hsün Tzu 298-212BC• For Rational Empirical• Against Superstition• Can’t control natural phenomenaCHINAThinkers...2/5/20162YIN YANGEquilibrium between Yin and Yang is essential to physical and psychological health.4• Ib = Heart• Emotion, Thought, Intention• Seat of mental life• Women had greater status5EYGPTIAN NOTION OF "SOUL"ANCIENT VIEWS ON MENTAL ILLNESSBabylonia/Present day India & Pakistan / Hebrew /Persia: How did some of these early cultures view mental illness?• Devils• Gods being challenged by demons• Anger of Jehovah gave rise to mental disorders• How did they treat these disorders? • Exorcisms, incantations, magical and religious rites2/5/20163600-300BCE one of the most creative periods in human history (MacLeod, 1975)• Profound effect on Western Intellectual tradition• Greece in the style of speed dating!• Cosmologists• Early concept of Illness• The golden age7GREECE• Early Greeks interested in the universe• Nature - Cosmology• Origin – Cosmogony• Cosmologists ideas coincide with ideas in Psychology8COSMOLOGISTS • Thales • Science not religion• Water was the primal substance from which everything evolved• Anaximander• First evolutionary theorist? – Creatures evolved• “Apeiron”• Who Nurtured the first infants?• First world map/Sundial9COSMOLOGISTS2/5/20164• Pythagoras• Immortality and the transmigration of souls…vegetarian• Valued Women• Later Scholar Aesara (W)- Early balance theorist10COSMOLOGISTS • Leucippus & Democritus• Things come into existence through a whirl of atoms• Fear motivated a belief in popular Greek gods• Determinism or Free Will?• Strict Determinism & Causation11COSMOLOGISTS • Aesculapius• Therapy = Sleep suggestion, diet, drugs, massage, baths• Used snakes in healing rites• Alcmaeon• Tracing sensory channels to the brain• Sleep = blood moving away from brain to large channels in body• Homeostatic equilibrium12EARLY CONCEPTS OF ILLNESS2/5/20165Hippocrates (460 –377 BCE) 13• Disease = disturbance of balance• Intelligence = proper balance of Fire and Water• Dreaming =activity of the soul and indicators of illness• Diet • Used surgical techniques including trephining • First to classify mental disorders• Paranoia = disorganized behavior• Epilepsy = a natural disease of the brainSocrates (470 – 399 BCE)• Argued against Relativism (Protagoras)• Knowledge comes from analysis of concepts• Psychological and Philosophical rather than physical or biological methods• Evil comes from ignorance knowledge is important• His fate…14THE GOLDEN AGE Plato (428 – 347 BCE)• First European university (The Academy)• Tripartite soul• Conflict model of human psychological disorders• Irrational and asocial forces• Discord in the soul• Ignorance• Philosophy – ideal basis for changing cognitions15THE GOLDEN AGE2/5/20166Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE)• Facts experienced by senses• Hylomorphism• Dreams not divine messages and lower animals dream• Humans seek pleasure but should also seek good• Habit• Individual differences• Social supports• Freedom of choice16THE GOLDEN AGE P S Y 4 0 1 – T O P I C 3 _ P A R T 2E A R L Y P S Y C H O L O G I C A L T H O U G H THISTORY & SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGY18ROMAN PERIOD & MIDDLE AGES2/5/20167• Romans• Medicine• Philosophy• Fall of the Roman Empire• Early Christians• Medieval19ROMANS & MIDDLE AGES20• Medicine a necessity to support army• Galen• Animal model use of dissection • Balance of humors = Good health• Personality linked to 4 humors• Rigorous scientist of the time• His ideas that “pneuma” (Spirit) consistent with early Christian ideas – Adopted into Christian Doctrine21ROMANS - MEDICINE2/5/20168• Stoicism• No interest in physical science• Epicureanism• Pleasure is good/Pain is evil• Skepticism• Is our sensory system really superior?• Neo-Platonism• Married early Greek, Jewish and Christian mysticism• Freedom of choice & against astrology 22ROMANS - PHILOSOPHYHypatia (370 – 415 CE) 23• Success = Downfall?• Plague• Infanticide• Decrease in tax base• Early Christianity was a series of faith systems• Teachings of Jesus went against the early Christian movement• These early teachings became unrecognizable in the modern Christian view24FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE & EARLY CHRISTIANS2/5/20169• 3 major religious traditions• Jewish, Christian, Islamic• Belief in• Prophesy soothsaying, astrology, palmistry• How is truth determined? • Truth in revelation and authority instead of reason25MEDIEVAL • Real discovery• Emergence of fore runners to modern Universities and Hospitals• Eye glasses & Clocks invented• Chemistry • Underwater vehicles and flight discussed26MEDIEVALAurelius Augustine(354 – 430 CE)• Study of human nature• Sex and Women• Fuelled the already misogynistic view of the Church27MEDIEVAL2/5/201610Aurelius Augustine• Psychology• Infant motivation• infants anti social and should be punished• Grief• Very sensitive ideas about grief• Habit • Rebuke may get rid of habit (Story of young mans addiction to Gladiatorial games)• Memory• Tip of the tongue/emotion distorts memory• Dreams • Forbidden pleasures28MEDIEVAL• Islam• Prophet Mohammed had a revelation from God• Posed a serious threat to Christianity• Grew rapidly & influenced medicine and philosophy• Rhazes• Against demonic theory • Divergent behavior to cure mental illness• Social therapy• Empiricist (first to apply chemistry to medicine) limited by his religious beliefs….tragic ending….29MEDIEVAL • Avicenna• Faith and reason• Brain had a role in psychological disorders• Frontal areas perception and reason• Occipital areas memory• Mental representation of external objects occurs in the ventricles•