1 20 2016 HISTORY SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGY PSY 401 LECTU RE 2 P H I L O SO P H I C AL I SSU E S OVERVIEW Philosophical issues 2 EPISTEMOLOGY A Priori From what comes before Before Expereince What role does this have in psychology A Posteriori From What comes Later From Expereince Is all knowledge from Expereince 3 1 1 20 2016 EPISTEMOLOGY Nativism Innate Ideas inborn Empircism Tabula Rasa Ideas learned 4 How can we experimentally study the idea of nativism empiricism 5 EPISTEMOLOGY Instinct McDougall 1908 1960 Curiosity Fighting Maternal behavior Learning Behaviorism We learn Classical Pavlov Operant Skinner Fear Conditioning Watson 6 2 1 20 2016 EPISTEMOLOGY KNOWING ABOUT TRUTH Authority Jonestown Massacre Empiricism Experience Science Rationalism That which is rational Formal Logic Aestheticism Crick and Watson DNA model too pretty not to be true Pragmatism Kant That which is prudent William James Cash Value Skepticism Everything must be questioned Psi Phenomena 7 IS PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE GENERALIZED CHARACTERISTIC OF SCIENCE Empirical Objective Important Self Correcting Progressive Tentative Parsimonious About Theory 3 1 20 2016 MODELS OF SCIENCE Karl Popper 1902 1994 Scientific claims must be falsifiable Principle of refutability Risky predictions All swans are white Go looking for black swan Observation always occurs in light of theory Did not concern himself with history Science versus Pseudo Science ASSIDE P S E UD O S C I E N C E 11 WATCHING GRAND THEFT AUTO TURNED AN INNOCENT TEENAGER INTO A RUTHLESS KILLER HTTPS WWW YOUTUBE CO M WATCH V QJHQUMP WCCM 4 1 20 2016 SHOULD WE BE LOOKING FOR EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT POPPER WOULD ARGUE NO LOOK FOR COUNTER EXAMPLES BLACK SWANS PEOPLE WHO PLAYED THE VIDEO BUT DID NOT ACT IT OUT 13 MODELS OF SCIENCE Thomas Kuhn 1973 The Structure of Scientific revolutions Paradigm Framework for empirical research Problem solving activities within this framework is Normal science Scientific revolution The rejection of a given paradigm for another View in terms of history of psychology 14 MODELS OF SCIENCE Paul Feyerabend Against Method Anarchistic view of science Breaking away from the past traditional approaches was NECESSARY for progression 5 1 20 2016 WHICH MODEL OF SCIENCE FITS PSYCHOLOGY F E Y E R AB AN D N O M E T H O D K U H N P AR AD I G M R E V O L U T I O N P O P P E R F AL S I F I AB L E MIND BODY PROBLEM As Psychologist do we study the mind Do we study behavior How would a Behaviorist vs Cognitive Psy view this PSYCHOGENY Identity theory maintains that psyche is instilled into the organism at one point in time Psyche remains identical throughout the lifespan Problems with Identity theory Psychogenic Emergentism suggests that psyche develops as the neurology develops Problems with Psychogenic Emergentism 6 1 20 2016 CAUSALITY What is the goal of Psychology Aristotle s four causes Causality is complex Teleology purpose Investigation of the evidence that there is a design or purpose Intrinsic characteristics or manifestations of nature Extrinsic There is a designer for this CAUSALITY DAVID HUME There is no cause and effect in science we just study relationships between events Causation is complex and difficult Can we really say X causes Y even if we do an RCT THE PROBLEM OF EXPLANATION Analogies risk overstating similarities intellectual laziness Models as explanations apply only in a limited fashion to what we wish to explain 7 1 20 2016 THE PROBLEM OF EXPLANATION Numerical analyses can describe and predict but explanation is limited Neurological and physiological explanations can provide input on the physiological processes but can they explain psychological phenomena HISTORY SYSTEMS OF PSYCHOLOGY PSY 401 LECTU RE 2 P H I L O SO P H I C AL I SSU E S FREE WILL DETERMINISM Libertarians Pro Free Will Despite genetics and environment we still have free will Arguments for Explain human experience Believing in determinism is illogical Determinism makes a mess of morality by eliminating responsibility Determinism is challenged by quantum indeterminism 8 1 20 2016 FREE WILL DETERMINISM APPLIED Free Will Applied Maslow Rogers free will or personal agency is necessary for us to becoming fully functional human beings Point of Therapy FREE WILL DETERMINISM Determinism There are causes for everything Arguments for Advances in neuroscience Free will makes a mess of morality as it can justify excessive punishment God Doesn t play dice with the Universe Einstein DETERMINISM APPLIED Determinism Applied Imitation of behavior Albert Bandura and Social Learning Genetics Predisposition for mental illness Predisposition for addiction 9 1 20 2016 EXPERIMENTS ON FREE WILL H O W C AN WE S T UD Y T H I S Q UE S T I O N 28 LIBET EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW Libet et al 1983 Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity readiness potential the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act Brain 106 623 642 https www youtube com watch v VnGDrc s6KA THE TEMPERING EFFECT OF DETERMINISM IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM VINEY 1990 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES WHAT IS THE PROBLEM HERE CAN YOU GAIN FREE WILL IN ONE DAY 10 1 20 2016 DISCUSSION GROUPS 2 MIN PAPER Groups of 4 Discuss the assigned reading specifically Briefly discuss some of the far reaching implications mentioned in the article that are the most meaningful to you Why do you feel this way How does a Psychologist view mental illness Does this differ from how the legal systems views mental illness If yes how and why What type of implications does this have for the future of the legal system Let s share our thoughts Write down a few sentences about your group discussion being specific to mention article content 11