Slide 1From Last Time…Eleven common fallacies of relevanceSlide 4Eleven common fallacies of relevanceEleven common fallacies of relevanceEleven common fallacies of relevanceChapter 6:Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence1: Inappropriate Appeal to AuthorityInappropriate Appeal to Authority…Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…For Next TimeCritical ReasoningWeek 7: Class 1From Last Time…Fallacies of Relevance, in which the premise is irrelevant to the conclusion. Why is this Ad a good example of a Fallacy of Relevance?Because everyone having something has not bearing on whether everyone needs something!Eleven common fallacies of relevance G. Bandwagon argument: An arguer appeals to a person’s desire to be popular, accepted, or valued, rather than to logically relevant reasons or evidence.1. Everybody (or a select group of people) believes or does X. 2. Therefore, you should believe or do X, too.All the popular, cool kids at Westmont Middle School wear Mohawk haircuts. Therefore, you should, too.H. Straw man: An arguer misrepresents another person’s position to make it easier to attack.1. X’s view is false or unjustified [but where X’s view has been unfairly characterized or misrepresented]. 2. Therefore, X’s view should be rejected.Professor Davis has argued that the Bible should not be read literally. Obviously, Davis believes that any reading of the Bible is as good as any other. But this would mean that there is no difference between a true interpretation of Scripture and a false interpretation. Such a view is absurd.Eleven common fallacies of relevance I. Red herring: An arguer tries to sidetrack her audience by raising an irrelevant issue, and then claims that the original issue has been effectively settled by the irrelevant diversion.Frank has argued that Volvos are safer cars than Ford Mustang convertibles. But Volvos are clunky, boxlike cars, whereas Mustang convertibles are sleek, powerful, and sexy. Clearly, Frank doesn’t know what he’s talking about.Eleven common fallacies of relevance J. Equivocation: An arguer uses a key word in an argument in two (or more) different senses; appears valid, but is not. Hanes is advertising “tanks for all occasions.” It’s illegal for anyone but the military to sell tanks. So, Hanes is breaking the law.Eleven common fallacies of relevance K. Begging the question: An arguer states or assumes as a premise the very thing he is seeking to prove as a conclusion.I am entitled to say whatever I choose because I have a right to say whatever I please.Bungee-jumping is dangerous because it’s unsafe.Chapter 6:Fallacies of Insufficient EvidenceFallacies of insufficient evidence are mistakes in reasoning in which the premises, though relevant to the conclusion, fail to provide sufficient evidence for the conclusion.1: Inappropriate Appeal to Authoritywhen an arguer cites a witness or authority who, there is good reason to believe, is unreliable. --when the source is not a genuine authority on the subject at issue An authority is a person who possesses special knowledge, competence, or expertise in a particular field.Hi, I’m heavyweight boxing champ Buster Brawler. After a tough night in the ring, my face needs some tender loving care. Lather-X Sensitive Skin Shaving Gel. You can’t get a smoother, closer shave.Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…when the source is biased or has some other reason to lie or misleadMrs. Cox has testified that her son Willie was home with her at the time when Willie is alleged to have shot Steve Wilson. Even though Willie’s fingerprints were found on the murder weapon and six witnesses have identified Willie as the assailant, I can’t believe that a good woman like Mrs. Cox would lie to protect her son. I think Willy is innocent.when the accuracy of the source’s observations is questionableJerry [who was listening to heavy metal music on his iPod] claims he heard the victim whisper his name from more than 100 feet away. Jerry has always struck me as a straight shooter. So, I have to believe that Jerry really did hear the victim whisper his name.Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…when the source cited (e.g., a media source, a reference work, or an Internet source) is known to be generally unreliableBonus! Send Patricia an email with a list of 5 unreliable sources you’ve come across in your everyday life by Wednesday.Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…when the source has not been cited correctly or the cited claim has been taken out of contextIt states in the Constitution that there must be a “wall of separation” between church and state. Publicly funded school vouchers clearly violate this wall of separation. Therefore, publicly funded school vouchers are unconstitutional.Though many people believe that the phrase “wall of separation” is found in the Constitution, it actually appears in a letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to the Danbury, Connecticut, Baptist Association in 1802.Inappropriate Appeal to Authority…when the source’s claim conflicts with expert opinionDr. Duane Gish, a biochemist with a Ph.D. from Berkeley and former senior vice president of the Institute for Creation Research, has argued that there is no credible evidence supporting the theory of evolution. In view of Dr. Gish’s expertise on this subject, we should conclude that evolution is a myth.Inappropriate Appeal to Authority… when the issue is not one that can be settled by expert opinionSwami Krishnamurti Chakrabarti, spiritual leader of the Worldwide Church of Cognitive Enlightenment, has said that the meaning of life lies in achieving mystical unity with the Great I Am. In view of the swami’s deep spiritual insight, it is clear that this is indeed the meaning of life.  when the claim is highly improbable on its faceOld Doc Perkins says he has an eighty-year-old friend who can run a 100-yard dash in less than ten seconds. Old Doc is one of the most trusted members of this community. So, if Old Doc says he has an eighty-year-old friend who can run a 100-yard dash in less than ten seconds, I, for one, believe him.For Next TimeRead Bassham