There are cultural differences in the selfPeople differ in their self concepts in what they view themselves asIndividualist“Self”Collectivist“Mother; friend; father; sibling; coworker”FreudId: infantile wantEgo: BalanceSuperego: Morality; what is goodPsychological DisordersPeople are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, and the abnormal. The fascination may be caused by 2 reasons:During various moments we feel, think, and act like an abnormal individualPsychological disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicide thoughts450 million people suffering from psychological disordersDepression and schizophrenia exists in all cultures around the worldA behavior is a disorder if: deviant, distressful, and dysfunctionalDeviant: behavior that goes against the cultural normChanges through cultures and timeMust accompany distressIf a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorderUnderstanding Psychological DisordersMedical Model:Etiology: cause and development of disorderDiagnosis: identifying the symptoms and distinguishing one disease from anotherTreatment: treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospitalPrognosis: forecast about the disorderClassifying Psychological DisordersThe American psychiatric association rendered a diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disordersGoals of DSMDescribe (44) disordersDetermine how prevalent the disorder isMental disorders must be assessedAssessment refers to the process of examining a person’s mental functions and psychological healthStructured vs. Unstructured InterviewsStructured: Specific questions that have specific answers for specific repliesUnstructured: “conversation,” just talkingBecks Depression Inventory0, 1, 2, 3 scale of symptomsDiathesis-stress modelDisorders are caused by an underlying vulnerability or predisposition (known s diathesis) to a mental disorder that is triggered by stressCan be biological (genetic predisposition to a specific disorder), or environmental (such as childhood trauma)Biological Approach: assumes that biological socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disordersMental disorders have many causesBiological factorsToxinsPrenatal problems such as maternal illness, malnutrition, and exposure to toxinsEnvironmental toxins and malnutrition during childhood and adolescence can increase the risk for mental disordersPsychological factorsCognitive behavior factorsThoughts can become distorted and produce maladaptive behaviors and emotionsDissociative DisordersConscience awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelingsControversial diagnosisAccording to the most common theory of DID:Children cope with abuse by pretending that it is happening to someone elseThey dissociate their mental states from their physical bodiesMost people diagnosed with DID are women who were abused as childrenGroup therapy builds social supportGroup and family therapy have become more widespreadGroup therapy is less expensive than individual therapyOffers the opportunity for practice of social skills and peer learning11/17/2014There are cultural differences in the self-People differ in their self concepts in what they view themselves asoIndividualist“Self”oCollectivist“Mother; friend; father; sibling; coworker”Freud-Id: infantile want-Ego: Balance-Superego: Morality; what is goodNotesPsychological Disorders-People are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, and the abnormal. The fascination may be caused by 2 reasons:oDuring various moments we feel, think, and act like an abnormal individualoPsychological disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicide thoughts-450 million people suffering from psychological disorders-Depression and schizophrenia exists in all cultures around the world-A behavior is a disorder if: deviant, distressful, and dysfunctionaloDeviant: behavior that goes against the cultural normChanges through cultures and timeoMust accompany distressoIf a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorderUnderstanding Psychological Disorders-Medical Model: oEtiology: cause and development of disorderoDiagnosis: identifying the symptoms and distinguishing one disease from anotheroTreatment: treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospitaloPrognosis: forecast about the disorder-Classifying Psychological DisordersoThe American psychiatric association rendered a diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disordersoGoals of DSMDescribe (44) disordersDetermine how prevalent the disorder isMental disorders must be assessed-Assessment refers to the process of examining a person’s mental functions and psychological health-Structured vs. Unstructured InterviewsoStructured: Specific questions that have specific answers for specific repliesoUnstructured: “conversation,” just talking-Becks Depression Inventoryo0, 1, 2, 3 scale of symptoms-Diathesis-stress modeloDisorders are caused by an underlying vulnerability or predisposition (known s diathesis) to a mental disorder that is triggered by stressCan be biological (genetic predisposition to a specific disorder), or environmental (such as childhood trauma) -Biological Approach: assumes that biological socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychologicaldisordersMental disorders have many causes-Biological factors-ToxinsoPrenatal problems such as maternal illness, malnutrition, and exposure to toxinsoEnvironmental toxins and malnutrition during childhood and adolescence can increase the risk for mental disorders-Psychological factors-Cognitive behavior factorsoThoughts can become distorted and produce maladaptive behaviors and emotionsDissociative Disorders-Conscience awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings-Controversial diagnosis-According to the most common theory of DID:oChildren cope with abuse by pretending that it is happening tosomeone elseThey dissociate their mental states from their physical bodiesMost people diagnosed with DID are women who were abused as children-11/17/2014Group therapy builds social support-Group and family therapy have become more widespread-Group therapy is less expensive than individual therapy-Offers the opportunity for practice of social skills and peer