Anna$Audler$Stats$10:$Section$3A$UID:$304295761$TA:$Luis$Sosa$Lab$1$Baby$Boom$$Question)1:)The$unit$of$observation$in$the$data$is$the$effects$of$a$mother’s$smoking$habits$on$a$baby’s$health.$In$the$study,$there$were$23$different$variables$recorded.$Variable)Categorical/Numerical)Gender$Categorical$Premature$Birth$Categorical$Apgar$Score$Numerical$Low$Birth$Weight$Categorical$Weight$of$Baby$at$Birth$(Grams)$Categorical$Weeks$of$Gestation$Numerical$Father’s$Age$Numerical$Mother’s$Age$Numerical$Father’s$Education$Numerical$Mother’s$Education$Numerical$Total$Number$of$Pregnancies$Numerical$Visits$Numerical$Marital$Status$Categorical$Race$of$Mom$Categorical$Race$of$Dad$Categorical$Hispanic$Mom$Categorical$Hispanic$Dad$Categorical$Weight$Gained$Numerical$Habit$Categorical$Mom$Prior$Conditions$Categorical$Birth$Defects$Categorical$DelivComp$Categorical$BirthComp$Categorical$$Question)2:))Out$of$the$1993$observations,$187$mothers$were$smokers.$9.38%$of$the$sample$was$smokers.$$$$$$$$Question)3:)Out$of$the$categorical$variables,$the$low$birth$weight$of$the$baby$would$most$likely$$be$associated$with$the$mother’s$smoking$habits.$$$$$$$$$$$$93.3%$of$the$mothers$who$did$not$smoke$during$their$pregnancy$had$babies$with$a$healthy$birth$weight.$85%$of$the$mothers$who$did$smoke$had$babies$with$a$normal$birth$weight.$The$babies$whose$mothers$did$smoke$tended$to$have$babies$with$low$birth$weight,$whereas,$the$mothers$who$didn’t$smoke$tended$to$have$babies$with$normal$birth$weight.$There$is$a$relationship$between$the$mothers$who$smoke$and$whether$their$babies$will$have$a$low$birth$weight.$$Question)4:)$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$The$ribbon$charts$best$illustrates$a$possible$association$between$smoking$and$the$low$birth$weight$in$the$babies$being$born$because$shows$a$good$comparison$between$the$amount$of$low$birth$weight$babies$born$to$smokers$and$non]smokers.$It$further$illustrates$the$idea$that$low$birth$weight$babies$are$more$associated$with$mother's$who$are$non]smokers$in$comparison$tot$hose$who$are$non]smokers$and$had$healthy$weighing$babies.$The$bar$chart$only$shows$the$number$of$babies$being$born$to$smoking$mothers$as$in$comparison$to$the$ribbon$chart$that$shows$you$the$actual$proportion$comparison$between$the$variables$that$are$being$compared.$$Question)5:)$The$differences$between$the$birth$weight$in$babies$of$smoking$and$non]smoking$mothers$is$shown$through$the$mean$and$standard$deviation.$The$mean$average$birth$weight$of$a$child$who$is$born$to$a$smoking$mother$is$3,102.35$grams$with$a$standard$deviation$of$414.47$grams$as$in$comparison$to$babies$born$to$non]smoking$mothers$whose$median$is$3,319.58$grams$and$has$a$standard$deviation$of$425.77.$This$states$that$there’s$a$bit$more$variation$between$birth$weights$of$babies$being$born$to$mothers$who$don’t$smoke$$$Question)6:)The$nonsmoker$graph$has$a$right$skew$distribution$that$indicates$that$the$majority$of$the$nonsmoking$mothers$had$babies$with$normal$birth$weights.$In$the$other$graph$(the$smoker$graph)$looks$about$symmetrical.$This$may$be$due$to$the$fact$that$there$is$a$variat ion$in$how$much$the$mothers$smoked$during$their$pregnancy.$It$is$presumed$that$the$mothers$who$smoked$less$probably$had$babies$with$normal$birth$weight$and$the$mothers$who$smoked$probably$had$babies$with$low$birth$weight.$$$Summary)Question:))The$concepts$from$the$textbook$that$are$covered$in$this$lab$are$categorical$and$numerical$variables,$how$to$interpret$a$distribution$of$a$graph$and$as$well$as$how$to$use$numerical$distributions$to$interpret$the$shape,$center$and$spread$of$a$distribution.$Knowing$what$types$of$variables$are$categorical$and$numerical$was$used$in$the$summary$tab le s $we$creat e d $for $this $lab $and$knowing$which$one$is$a$categorical$variable$and$how$to$visualize$the$variation$in$the$bar$graphs$we$use$when$depicting$the$distribution$of$the$variables$given$to$us.$The$concepts$that$weren’t$included$in$the$textbook$that$we r e $a$part$of$th is$l ab$are$knowing$what$a$ribbon$chart$is$and$how $to $in t e rp r e t$it .$We$also$le a r n e d $th r o u g h $this$lab$th e $d iffe r e n c e $b e tween$th e $b a r $chart$and$a$ribbon$chart$and$what$one$shows$in$compari so n $t o $th e $o th er.$It$also$help s$us$practice$the$concept$of$not$being$able$to$determine$causality$from$an$observational$study$because$there$is$always$a$possibility$of$a$confound in g$v a ria ble $b ein g $pr es en
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