ASTR 1010 Final Exam Topic Summary Sheet Wednesday, Apr 29, 1:30 pm(Chapters 1-3)* know differences between stars, planets, the solar system, galaxies, and universe* astronomical unit; light year; what is the speed of light; # of stars in Milky Way* what is a constellation; how many are there; how are stars in a constellation related * celestial sphere, equator, and poles; what is a circumpolar star* cause of stars’ apparent rotation around poles; why is Polaris a special star* why do the Earth’s north and south poles have 6 months of day/night each year* what causes the seasons; what do the solstices and equinoxes mark* phase of the moon for different positions of Earth, Moon, Sun, observer* solar and lunar eclipses; phase of moon required; why not every full/new moon* what is precession; what is retrograde motion* Copernicus (sun centered model); Galileo (how did he confirm Copernican model) * Kepler; Keplers 3 laws: (1) ellipses, (2) equal areas in equal time, (3) P2 = a3* what makes something a scientific theory/hypothesis; astronomy vs. astrologyASTR 1010 Final Exam Topic Summary Sheet Wednesday, Apr 29, 1:30 pm(Chapters 4-6)* what is the “acceleration of gravity”; what does it mean; units!* Newton’s 3 laws: (1) constant velocity unless ..., (2) F=ma, (3) action/reaction forces * mass versus weight. why do satellites (e.g. moon) stay in orbit* conservation of energy, momentum, angular momentum* Newton’s Law of Gravitation; how the force changes with mass and/or distance* what is temperature a measure of; Importance of E=mc2; what causes tides* relation between wave speed, wavelength and frequency. photons, energy of photons *electromagnetic radiation; order of (E, f, w) for electromagnetic spectrum* atomic components, location, charge; ground vs. excited states* what is meant by chemical fingerprint; how thermal radiation depends on temperature *Doppler effect - motion changes wave frequency and wavelength, but not speed!* refracting vs reflecting telescopes; what is angular resolution* how does light collecting area, angular resolution depend upon diameter* diffraction limit. why ground based observatories often don’t achieve thisASTR 1010 Final Exam Topic Summary Sheet Wednesday, Apr 29, 1:30 pm* what is the CHARA Array; what are the advantages of observing in space(Chapters 7-10)* distinguishing characteristics of terrestrial and jovian planets* why is mercury so hot; why is Venus even hotter; what’s the greenhouse effect* what and where are asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud* know generally how disks form planets (planetesimal growth, gravitational attraction) * frost line; why does this yield 2 types of planets* heavy bombardment phase; how did Earth’s Moon form* what's the age of the solar system; know the order of planets* 3 interior layers of terrestrial planets; what is differentiation; why are planets round* what dominates interior heating now, for Earth; what causes all magnetic fields* why are the smaller worlds less geologically active; what is outgassingASTR 1010 Final Exam Topic Summary Sheet Wednesday, Apr 29, 1:30 pm* 4 dominate processes that shape a terrestrial surface; when did most cratering happen* why does Earth have the most erosion* what are the lunar highlands and maria; which is older; how did they form* what's an atmosphere; what is Earth's mostly made of; what causes air pressure* how greenhouse gases, distance from Sun, and reflectivity affect surface temperature* why do most x-rays and ultra-violet light emitted by Sun not reach the surface of Earth * why is the sky blue. why are sunsets red; what causes the aurora* weather and climate; 2 primary factors that create wind and weather on a planet.* how do the atmospheres of Mars and Venus compare to Earth (composition, amount) * what are Martian polar caps made of; what makes the oxygen in our atmosphere* what change in our atmosphere are scientists saying is causing global warming(Chapters 11-13.1)* what are the Jovian planets; how do the compositions of J & S differ from U & N* what is the Great Red Spot; why do they appear squashed; all generate a magnetic field * what causes atmospheric colors; what are Saturn’s rings made of; what are gap moons * distinguishing properties of Jupiter’s moon’s Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto* why are many Jovian moons so geologically active (2 reasons!); how did most formASTR 1010 Final Exam Topic Summary Sheet Wednesday, Apr 29, 1:30 pm* Saturn’s moon Titan (thick atmosphere, lakes of methane, Huygens lander mission)* Saturn’s Moon Enceladus and jets of water; Neptune’s “captured” moon Triton* composition of asteroids and comets; where did they form; the largest asteroid* why do comets have 2 tails; what are they made of; orientation relative to Sun* meteorite vs. meteor; what produces meteors/shooting stars, and meteor showers* how did Oort cloud comets get there; what are Kuiper belt objects* why are dwarf planets or Kuiper Belt Objects not considered bona-fide planets* know several dwarf planets (e.g. Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Sedna), and general properties* why is it so difficult to “see” extrasolar planets* what 3 ways to indirectly detect exoplanets; what can be learned if a planet transits* what is the best velocity precision now being achieved; what are hot Jupiters* how did the Kepler spacecraft, and future TESS spacecraft, detect