ASTR 1010 Exam #3 (Chapters 7 – 10) Apr 15, 2015This summarizes most, but not necessarily all, topics that will be on the exam*understand what are Sun, planets, asteroids, comets; their composition; order from Sun *** distinguishing characteristics of terrestrial and jovian planets **what makes up Saturn’s rings; where/what are the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud *** what is Jupiter’s great red spot; orbital/rotational alignment of most planets**distinguishing characteristics of terrestrial and jovian planets**why is mercury so hot; why is Venus even hotter; what’s the greenhouse effect **alignment of most orbital, rotational axes suggests what; what are exceptions **where did the 2% of dust in the universe come from; what is the nebular theory **force causing gas clouds to collapse; why does a collapsing rotating cloud flatten **know generally how disks form planets (planetesimal growth, gravitational attraction) **frost line; why does this yield 2 types of planets; how does it explain their differences **heavy bombardment phase; likely explanations for how Earth acquired its water, moon**what's the age of the solar system; why are objects larger than ~500 km all round ***3 interior layers of terrestrial planets; what is the lithosphere; differentiation *\*what is seismic activity; propagation of seismic waves can reveal what **3 ways interiors of planets are heated; what dominates interior heating now, for Earth **why are the smaller worlds less geologically active; what is outgassing**what causes all magnetic fields; how does that explain the field of a bar magnet **4 dominate processes that shape a terrestrial surface; when did most cratering happen **what drives tectonic activity; where does the majority of heat for this come from **why does a lot of seismic/volcanic activity occur where plates collide/subduct **what's a volcanic “hot spot”; how were the Hawaiian islands formed **what's erosion; why does Earth have more erosion; what planet looks like Earth's moon*** what are the lunar highlands and maria; which is older; how did they form ***what are Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris; what are Mars' ice caps made of **what's the evidence that liquid water once flowed on Mars**what's an atmosphere; what is Earth's mostly made of; how high does it extend**what causes air pressure; why does it decrease with altitude; what is greenhouse effect**how greenhouse gases, distance from sun, and reflectivity affect surface temperature**why do most x-rays and ultra-violet light emitted by Sun not reach the surface of Earth**why is the sky blue; why are sunsets red; what causes the aurora**ways for a planet to get its atmospheric gases, ways for it to lose those gases**where do the slight atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon come from**how do the atmospheres of Mars and Venus compare to Earth (composition, amount)**why are seasons on Mars more dramatic than Earth; what are its polar caps made of**how do we think Mars lost its atmosphere; why does Venus have so little weather**why is Venus so hot; where did its thick atmosphere come from**how does the carbon dioxide cycle keep Earth temperature stable (on long timescales)**where does oxygen in our atmosphere come from; why does more CO2 increase temp.**what change in our atmosphere are scientists saying is causing global