GI TRACT NOTES : 12.) the average daily intake of about 2L in food and drink leads to the secretion of about ?7L13.) HCL secretion by parietal cells include which of the following mechanisms?CL- moves through open Cl channels along the electrochemical gradient into the lumens of the stomach. (NOT):- H+ is actively pumped into the interstitial fluid against an electrochemical gradient.-HCO3 is pumped out of the cell in exchange for K+ -Na+ is transported into the cells together with CL- and K+14.) D cells in the gastric glands are stimulated by ______ to secrete _______acid in the stomach, somatostatin-(released substance by cells of the gastric gland inhibits acid secretion)15.) which statement about the protease pepsin is correct?(ALL OF THE ABOVE): -pepsin is secreted as a zymogen-pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells-the optimal pH range for he digestive action of pepsin is pH =3 -the inactive form of pepsin is activated through exposure of HCL16.) which statement regarding HCO3 secretion in pancreas is NOT true?HCO3 secretion causes the paracellular movement of Na+ from the lumen to the interstitial fluid.(true)-HCO3 secretion causes paracellular movement of water into the lumen of the pancreatic ducts.-HCO3 secretion is achieved in exchange for Cl--HCO3 is secreted by pancreatic duct cells-secreted HCO3 is used to neutralize acid in the small intestine.17.) bile produced in the liver reaches the galldbladder through?Common hepatic duct18.) exocrine secretion is ?the release of substances from cells of secretory epithelia into the lumen of the GI tract19.) the main function of Na+ and K+ secretion by salivary glands is to? Create an osmotic gradient along which water can follow into the oral cavity20.) the lingual lipase that is secreted by salivary glands_________is inactived by exposure to gastric acid in the stomachor contributes to fat digestion and absorption in the small intestine. 21.) which statement is NOT true about carbohydrate digestion and absorption?Maltases digest maltose into one glucose and one galactose unit. 22.) people with anxiety disorders often suffer from dental health problems such as cavities because___________secretion of saliva is inhibited by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system which leads to a loss of the protective functions of the saliva.23.) which is not a component of the enteric nervous system?Vagus nerve(apart of enteric nervous system) myenteric plexus, submucosal plexus, mechanoreceptors in the GItract wall, osmoreceptors in the GI tract wall.24.) peristalsis in the lower esophagus is achieved through release of ___________by efferent enteric neurons which leads to _______________of circular smooth muscles behind a bolus and release of ________________by efferent neurons in front of the bolus which leads to ______________of circular smooth muscles. Acetylcholine, contraction, VIP, relaxation25.) which of the processes involved in vomiting is under control of the central nervous system?(ALL OF THE ABOVE) : -contraction of abdominal muscles.-hypersalivation-closing of the glottis-dilation of esophagus26.) the GI hormone secretin is released from cells in the small intestine in response to ___________. It acts upon_____________ and stimulates___________acid in small intestine, pancreas, HCO3 secretion27.) which of the following substances is absorbed in the stomach?Alcohol(NOT) aa, fats, vitamin b1228.) which of the following statements regarding absorption in the digestive system are correct? (A AND C ARE CORRECT) – absorption is the movement of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the GI tract lumen into the interstitial fluid.-the transcellular pathway requires transport across membranes. 29.) in the small intestine, the secondary active transport of glucose is achieved through?Na+/K+ exchange pump30.) the ingestion of non-digestable dietary fibers induces____________osmotic water flow into the lumen of the GI tract.31.) which statements regarding protein digestion is correct?-aa absorption is facilitated by secondary active transport but peptide absorption is facilitated by active transport-digested proteins can be absorbed in form of free aa, dipeptides, or larger peptides.-aa absorbed by co-transport with Na+32.) the most important role of the stomach in the digestion of lipids is ___________to control release f chyme into small intestine.33.) intestinal phase of digestion incudes all but which of the following process?Regulation of salivary secretion.(INCLUDES)- regulation of gastric secretion, release pancreatic juice, release of bile, regulation of gastric molility1.) the digestive system is composed of ___________GI tract, salivary glands, liver, exocrine pancreas2.) identify the correct order of functional compartments of the large intestine in the direction of movement towards the anus?Cecum, ascending colon, traversing colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon3.) which of the following segments of the GI tract DOES NOT contribute to digestion?(B AND C DO NOT CONTRIBUTE TO DIGESTION) –pharynx and esophagus.(oral cavity does contribute)4.) which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?Absorption of nutrients(STOMACH FUNCTIONS)- storage of food, dissolving food particles, partial digestion of food particles, absorption of alcohol.5.) the ileocecal valve is a _________ that separates the ___________ from the ___________sphincter, small intestine, large intestine6.) peyer’s patches are predominanatly found in the mucosa of the ?Ileum7.) the arrival of a bolus in the esophagus elicits what response?Peristaltic contractions8.) in the small intestine the surface area is increased through folding of the ___________ into plica and through folding of the ____________ into villisubmuscosa, muscosa9.) which of the statements in respect to GI smooth muscle regulation is correct?contraction force can be affected by hormonal stimuli10.) what type of motility occurs in the large intestine?(B AND C) segmentation and mass movement11.) which of the following features contributes to the accelerated gastric wave of contractions?The ICC network is most extensive in the antrum of the stomach12.) gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a medical condition that consists of fewer and abnormally weak contraction of the stomach muscles, resulting in foodremaining in the stomach for an abnormally long time. Treatment of this condition includes dietary changes towards types of food that can be moved