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UB PGY 300 - GI2

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Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Types of Epithelial TissueSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23The Digestive System:2. AnatomyFigure 21-1a modifiedPharynxDuodenumJejunumIleumAppendixCecumAscending colonTransverse colonDescending colonSigmoid colonThe GI tractAnal canal Anus (skeletal and smooth muscle)skeletal musclesmooth muscleFigure 21-1aThe GutGut395 cm/~13 ft. folded~26 ft. relaxedFigure 21-1a modifiedMouthPharynxDuodenumJejunumIleumAscending colonTraversing colonDescending colonUpper and lower esophageal sphinctersPylorusIleocecal ValveInternal and external anal sphinctersSphinctersSphinctersFigure 21-1a modifiedMouthPharynxDuodenumJejunumIleumAscending colonTraversing colonDescending colonUpper and lower esophageal sphinctersPylorusIleocecal ValveInternal and external anal sphinctersAccessory Organsskeletal musclesmooth muscleFigure 21-1a modifiedSalivary glands:sublingual glandssubmandibular glandsparotid glandsMouthPharynxDuodenumJejunumIleumAscending colonTraversing colonDescending colonUpper and lower esophageal sphinctersPylorusIleocecal ValveInternal and external anal sphinctersAccessory OrgansFigure 3.9bEpithelial tissue separate fluid filled compartments of the body.Types of Epithelial Tissue•Exchange–Pores between cells permit easy passage of molecules•Lungs and Blood vessels•Transporting–Tight junctions prevent movement between cells; surface area increased through microvilli•stomach, intestine , kidney, exocrine glands•Ciliated–One side covered with cilia to move fluid•upper airway, female reproductive tract•Protective–Cells connected by many desmosomes•skin, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus•Secretory–Cells filled with secretory granules or lipid droplets•exocrine glands such as pancreas and salivary glands, stomachAct like “spot weld” sites for strong attachmentsProtective EpitheliaFigure 3.8dApical sideBasolateral sideFigures 3.10 and 3.8Transporting EpitheliaTight Junction FunctionsTight junctions perform two vital functions: 1) They prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells. So materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue. This pathway provides control over what substances are allowed through. 2)They block the movement of integral membrane proteins between the apical and basolateral surfaces of the cell. Thus the special functions of each surface, can be preserved.Secretory EpitheliaFigure 3.10eFigure 21.1cFunctions of the stomach:Stores foodMixes foodDissolves and partially digests food-by secreting gastric juiceThe Stomach(Pylorus)Figure 21.1eSectional View of the Stomach WallFigure 21.1dThe Small Intestine•Most digestion occurs in the Small Intestine•Most food is absorbed in the Small IntestineMuscularis externaFigure 21.1fSectional View of the Small IntestineVilli, Enterocytes, and MicrovilliThe Large Intestine Figure 21.21The AppendixPossible functions:- no function?- source of bacteria?- immune function?The Large IntestineFigure 21.21• The Large Intestine concentrates wasteThe gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) consists of isolated or aggregated lymphoid follicles forming Peyer's patches (PPs). - named after Swiss pathologist Johann Conrad Peyer in 1677.- contain clusters of immune cells and are associated with specialized epithelium that contains M-cells.- present in the small intestine where they occur predominantly in the ileum.PPs are considered to be the Immune Sensors of the intestine.Peyer’s Patches and M-cellsPeyer’s Patches and M-cellsM-cells (microfold-cells) are able to transport luminal antigens and bacteria toward the underlying immune cells that activate or inhibit the immune response leading to either tolerance or immune cell response.-contain few and unevenly spaced microvilli-apical surface contains areas with embedded membrane receptors-> binding of antigen -> transcytosis ->release of antigen on basolateral side ->antigen is recognized by cells of the immunesystem (i.e. macrophages, lymphocytes)Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease; ulcerative colitis): characterized by a chronic or relapsing inflammation of the digestive tract. -> inappropriate innate and/or adaptative immune response to the bacterial flora.~ 3 lb of microorganisms live in the GI tractHuman intestinal microorganisms can be grouped into three enterotypesIntestinal BacteriaArumugam et al., 2011;


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UB PGY 300 - GI2

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