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UT Dallas CS 6360 - Ch03

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PowerPoint PresentationChapter 3 OutlineThe Relational Data Model and Relational Database ConstraintsRelational Model ConceptsRelational Model Concepts (cont’d.)Domains, Attributes, Tuples, and RelationsDomains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations (cont’d.)Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Characteristics of RelationsCharacteristics of Relations (cont’d.)Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Relational Model NotationSlide 17Slide 18Relational Model ConstraintsRelational Model Constraints (cont’d.)Domain ConstraintsKey Constraints and Constraints on NULL ValuesKey Constraints and Constraints on NULL Values (cont’d.)Slide 24Slide 25Relational Databases and Relational Database SchemasRelational Databases and Relational Database Schemas (cont’d.)Integrity, Referential Integrity, and Foreign KeysIntegrity, Referential Integrity, and Foreign Keys (cont’d.)Slide 30Other Types of ConstraintsOther Types of Constraints (cont’d.)Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint ViolationsSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36The Insert OperationThe Delete OperationThe Update OperationThe Transaction ConceptSummaryCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyChapter 3The Relational Data Model and Relational Database ConstraintsCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheChapter 3 OutlineThe Relational Data Model andRelational Database ConstraintsRelational Model Constraintsand Relational Database SchemasUpdate Operations, Transactions,and Dealing with Constraint ViolationsCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheThe Relational Data Model andRelational Database ConstraintsRelational modelFirst commercial implementations available in early 1980sHas been implemented in a large number of commercial systemHierarchical and network modelsPreceded the relational modelCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheRelational Model ConceptsRepresents data as a collection of relationsTable of valuesRow •Represents a collection of related data values•Fact that typically corresponds to a real-world entity or relationship•TupleTable name and column names •Interpret the meaning of the values in each row attributeCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheRelational Model Concepts (cont’d.)Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheDomains, Attributes, Tuples, and RelationsDomain D Set of atomic valuesAtomicEach value indivisibleSpecifying a domain Data type specified for each domainCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheDomains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations (cont’d.)Relation schema RDenoted by R(A1, A2, ...,An)Made up of a relation name R and a list of attributes, A1, A2, ..., AnAttribute Ai Name of a role played by some domain D in the relation schema RDegree (or arity) of a relation Number of attributes n of its relation schemaCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheDomains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations (cont’d.)Relation (or relation state) Set of n-tuples r = {t1, t2, ..., tm}Each n-tuple t •Ordered list of n values t =<v1, v2, ..., vn>•Each value vi, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, is an element of dom(Ai) or is a special NULL valueCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheDomains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations (cont’d.)Relation (or relation state) r(R) Mathematical relation of degree n on the domains dom(A1), dom(A2), ..., dom(An) Subset of the Cartesian product of the domains that define R:•r(R) (dom⊆ (A1) × dom(A2) × ... × dom(An))Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheDomains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations (cont’d.)CardinalityTotal number of values in domainCurrent relation stateRelation state at a given timeReflects only the valid tuples that represent a particular state of the real worldAttribute namesIndicate different roles, or interpretations, for the domainCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCharacteristics of RelationsOrdering of tuples in a relationRelation defined as a set of tuplesElements have no order among themOrdering of values within a tuple and an alternative definition of a relationOrder of attributes and values is not that important As long as correspondence between attributes and values maintainedCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCharacteristics of Relations (cont’d.)Alternative definition of a relation Tuple considered as a set of (<attribute>, <value>) pairsEach pair gives the value of the mapping from an attribute Ai to a value vi from dom(Ai)Use the first definition of relationAttributes and the values within tuples are orderedSimpler notationCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCharacteristics of Relations (cont’d.)Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCharacteristics of Relations (cont’d.)Values and NULLs in tuplesEach value in a tuple is atomicFlat relational model•Composite and multivalued attributes not allowed •First normal form assumptionMultivalued attributes •Must be represented by separate relationsComposite attributes •Represented only by simple component attributes in basic relational modelCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCharacteristics of Relations (cont’d.)NULL valuesRepresent the values of attributes that may be unknown or may not apply to a tupleMeanings for NULL values•Value unknown•Value exists but is not available•Attribute does not apply to this tuple (also known as value undefined)Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheRelational Model NotationRelation schema R of degree n Denoted by R(A1, A2, ..., An)Uppercase letters Q, R, S Denote relation namesLowercase letters q, r, s Denote relation statesLetters t, u, v Denote tuplesCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheRelational Model NotationName of a relation schema: STUDENTIndicates the current set of tuples in that relationNotation: STUDENT(Name, Ssn, ...) Refers only to relation schemaAttribute A can be qualified with the relation name R to which it belongs Using the dot notation R.ACopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheRelational Model Notationn-tuple t in a relation r(R) Denoted by t = <v1, v2, ..., vn>vi is the value corresponding to attribute AiComponent values of tuples:t[Ai] and t.Ai refer to


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