PowerPoint PresentationChapter 1 OutlineIntroductionIntroduction (cont'd.)Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7An ExampleAn Example (cont'd.)Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Characteristics of the Database ApproachCharacteristics of the Database Approach (cont'd.)Self-Describing Nature of a Database SystemInsulation Between Programs and DataData AbstractionSlide 21Support of Multiple Views of the DataSharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction ProcessingSharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction Processing (cont'd.)Actors on the SceneActors on the Scene (cont'd.)Slide 27Workers behind the SceneAdvantages of Using the DBMS ApproachAdvantages of Using the DBMS Approach (cont'd.)Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34When Not to Use a DBMSSummaryCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyChapter 1Databases and Database UsersCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheChapter 1 OutlineIntroductionAn ExampleCharacteristics of the Database ApproachActors on the SceneWorkers behind the SceneAdvantages of Using the DBMS ApproachWhen Not to Use a DBMSCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheIntroductionDatabase Collection of related dataKnown facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaningMiniworld or universe of discourse (UoD)Represents some aspect of the real worldLogically coherent collection of data with inherent meaningBuilt for a specific purposeCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheIntroduction (cont'd.)Example of a large commercial databaseAmazon.comDatabase management system (DBMS) Collection of programs Enables users to create and maintain a databaseDefining a database Specify the data types, structures, and constraints of the data to be storedCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheIntroduction (cont'd.)Meta-dataDatabase definition or descriptive information Stored by the DBMS in the form of a database catalog or dictionaryManipulating a databaseQuery and update the database miniworld Generate reportsCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheIntroduction (cont'd.)Sharing a database Allow multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneouslyApplication program Accesses database by sending queries to DBMSQuery Causes some data to be retrievedCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheIntroduction (cont'd.)Transaction May cause some data to be read and some data to be written into the databaseProtection includes: System protectionSecurity protectionMaintain the database system Allow the system to evolve as requirements change over timeCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheAn ExampleUNIVERSITY database Information concerning students, courses, and grades in a university environmentData recordsSTUDENT COURSESECTION GRADE_REPORT PREREQUISITECopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheAn Example (cont'd.)Specify structure of records of each file by specifying data type for each data element String of alphabetic charactersIntegerEtc.Copyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheAn Example (cont'd.)Construct UNIVERSITY databaseStore data to represent each student, course, section, grade report, and prerequisite as a record in appropriate fileRelationships among the recordsManipulation involves querying and updatingCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheAn Example (cont'd.)Examples of queries:Retrieve the transcriptList the names of students who took the section of the ‘Database’ course offered in fall 2008 and their grades in that sectionList the prerequisites of the ‘Database’ courseCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheAn Example (cont'd.)Examples of updates:Change the class of ‘Smith’ to sophomoreCreate a new section for the ‘Database’ course for this semesterEnter a grade of ‘A’ for ‘Smith’ in the ‘Database’ section of last semesterCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheAn Example (cont'd.)Phases for designing a database: Requirements specification and analysisConceptual designLogical design Physical designCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCharacteristics of the Database ApproachTraditional file processingEach user defines and implements the files needed for a specific software application Database approachSingle repository maintains data that is defined once and then accessed by various usersCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCharacteristics of the Database Approach (cont'd.)Main characteristics of database approach Self-describing nature of a database systemInsulation between programs and data, and data abstractionSupport of multiple views of the dataSharing of data and multiuser transaction processingCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheSelf-Describing Nature of a Database SystemDatabase system contains complete definition of structure and constraintsMeta-dataDescribes structure of the databaseDatabase catalog used by: DBMS software Database users who need information about database structureCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheInsulation Between Programs and DataProgram-data independenceStructure of data files is stored in DBMS catalog separately from access programsProgram-operation independenceOperations specified in two parts:•Interface includes operation name and data types of its arguments •Implementation can be changed without affecting the interfaceCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheData abstractionAllows program-data independence and program-operation independenceConceptual representation of dataDoes not include details of how data is stored or how operations are implementedData model Type of data abstraction used to provide conceptual representationData AbstractionCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheCopyright © 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant NavatheSupport of Multiple Views of the DataView Subset of the database Contains virtual data derived from the database files but is not explicitly storedMultiuser DBMS Users have a variety of distinct applicationsMust provide
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