LIN 205 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide This exam is cumulative but there won t be phonetic transcription Please review the previous study guides Remember to look at the slides posted on UBlearns for semantics this study guide will only cover syntax since everything you need to know about semantics is already in the slides This study guide is not an extensive explanation of the workbook it only contains important definitions given in class It is important to review the English Minigrammar pages for rules on phrase structure trees and review constituent tests as well as what was assigned for homework Syntax indicates when something is ungrammatical used when part of speech is optional Morphology and syntax define a word class That N determiner That Clause complementizer And or conjunction Only nouns can be followed by a prepositional phrase Transitive verb requires a NP after it Ex John is eating a pizza Intransitive verb Can t have a NP after it Ex John is eating Morphosyntactic dependency morphological form is dependent on what particular place it is in on the structure tree Subject Object I Me She Her He Him We Us They Them You You It It Adjectives can use degree words deg verbs can t Ex John is very tall vs John very loves Mary Grammatical Relations Diagram Usually the subject comes before the verb the object comes after For most verbs the object has something done to it while the subject is the doer Head The central element of a constituent obligatory Dependent The head must be present for it to be present optional Modifier Modifiers of verbs answer the questions where how when why optional Imperative sentence A sentence that gives a direct command such as Go Having a verb stand alone is uncommon in most languages There are objects of verbs and objects of prepositions Prepositions require a dependent they don t normally occur without an object Direct object Can be nouns pronouns clauses or phrases The direct object will follow a transitive verb It identifies what who receives the action of the verb Transitive verb an action verb that requires a direct object to receive the action Indirect object Can be nouns or pronouns It indicates to what who the action of the verb is performed Example He gave her a present The indirect object is her the recipient and the direct object is a present the object the recipient received a modifies present and He is the subject of gave Deep structure vs Surface structure Transformational Grammar Deep structure the underlying semantic syntactic representation of a sentence abstract representation Surface structure Grammatical sentence derived from modification of the deep structure The syntactic form is what s actually produced morphological phonological rules are added Ex Deep structure John is talking about what Surface structure What is john talking about Deep structure can be used for rhetorical questions S Deep Structure PP NP Aux N VP is V Pre p about John NP Pro talking what Surface Structure S VP NP Aux NP V Pro What is PP N talking P John about Deep structures can be used to show why the surface structure is ungrammatical Ex Surface structure What did John disappear Deep structure John did disappear what The verb disappear is Intransitive so it can t have a NP after it Interrogative phrases usually start with a wh word what who when where