LIN 205 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide This exam is cumulative but there won’t be phonetic transcription. Please review the previous study guides. Remember to look at the slides posted on UBlearns for semantics (thisstudy guide will only cover syntax since everything you need to know about semantics is already in the slides). This study guide is not an extensive explanation of the workbook, it only contains important definitions given in class. It is important to review the English Minigrammar pages for rules on phrase structure trees and review constituent tests as well aswhat was assigned for homework. Syntax: * - indicates when something is ungrammatical ( )- used when part of speech is optional  Morphology and syntax define a word class. - That + N = determiner That + Clause = complementizer And/or= conjunction - Only nouns can be followed by a prepositional phrase. - Transitive verb= requires a NP after it. Ex: John is eating a pizza.- Intransitive verb= Can’t have a NP after it. Ex: John is eating. - Morphosyntactic dependency= morphological form is dependent on what particular place itis in on the structure tree. Subject Object I MeShe HerHe HimWe UsThey ThemYou YouIt It- Adjectives can use degree words (deg), verbs can’t. Ex: John is very tall vs. * John very loves Mary.  Grammatical Relations Diagram- Usually, the subject comes before the verb, the object comes after. For most verbs, the object has something done to it while the subject is the doer. - Head=The central element of a constituent (obligatory). - Dependent= The head must be present for it to be present (optional).- Modifier= Modifiers of verbs answer the questions where, how, when, why (optional). - Imperative sentence= A sentence that gives a direct command, such as “Go”. Having a verb stand alone is uncommon in most languages. - There are objects of verbs and objects of prepositions. Prepositions require a dependent, they don’t normally occur without an object. - Direct object= Can be nouns, pronouns, clauses, or phrases. The direct object will follow a transitive verb. It identifies what/who receives the action of the verb. - Transitive verb= an action verb that requires a direct object to receive the action.- Indirect object= Can be nouns or pronouns. It indicates to what/ who the action of the verb is performed. Example: He gave her a present. The indirect object is her (the recipient) and the direct object isa present (the object the recipient received). “a” modifies “present” and “He” is the subject of “gave”.  Deep structure vs. Surface structure (Transformational Grammar) - Deep structure= the underlying semantic /syntactic representation of a sentence (abstract representation). - Surface structure= Grammatical sentence derived from modification of the deep structure. The syntactic form is what’s actually produced (morphological/phonological rules are added). Ex: Deep structure “ John is talking about what?” Surface structure “What is john talking about?” (Deep structure can be used for rhetorical questions).Deep structures can be used to show why the surface structure is ungrammatical. Ex: Surface structure “ What did John disappear?” Deep structure “ John did disappear what?” The verb disappear is Intransitive, so it can’t have a NP after it. Interrogative phrases usually start with a “wh” word… what ,who, when, where. SNPAuxVPPPNistalkingPrepNPJohnaboutProwhatVSNPAuxNPVPProisJohnVPPWhattalkingPaboutNDeep StructureSurface