LIN 205 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide 1 Morphology see pages 76 77 Definitions to know Morpheme the smallest unit of language that carries meaning Free morpheme Can stand alone in a word Ex Dog Bound morpheme Can t stand alone in a word must be attached to a free morpheme Ex s Grammatical morphemes Are function words Inflectional Affixes and Derivational Affixes Grammatical morphemes are abstract they have no clearly defined meaning ex pronouns prepositions articles conjunctions 1a Affixesa b c d Prefix precedes root suffix follows root infix inserted inside a word not used in English suprafix adds a suprasegmental like tone which conveys meaning not used in English e Inflectional affix Creates a different form of the same word It never changes the part of speech Ex the plural s in dogs is inflectional because dog Is still a noun when the s is added Inflectional affixes are productive they can be added to most parts of speech in English Ex Most verbs in English can have ing running swimming laughing etc verbs ed s ing worked works working nouns s s s girls girl s girls adjectives er est harder hardest Note when writing an infix into a formula it is represented as infix Remember to write a note about how the infix is added ex the noun former infix is infixed after the initial consonant of the verb pg 102 These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute f Derivational affix Creates a different word usually changes the part of speech Ex the er in writer is derivational because write is a verb and writer is a noun Derivational affixes are un productive they can t be added to most parts of speech in English Ex you wouldn t say use un tall for untall you would say short Content morphemes Most morphemes in English are content morphemes although grammatical morphemes are used more often Contend morphemes have a clearly defined meaning they are roots Ex in cats cat is a content morpheme Cran Cranberry morpheme No clear meaning not a morpheme by definition However it may be counted as a morpheme by some Ex you can say cranberry is one morpheme or 2 cran Berry where cran is a special morpheme with no meaning outside of the word cranberry Morpheme class Morphemes that occur in the same position of a word and if you exchange them they create a new word When writing a formula for deriving a part of speech make sure that all the morpheme classes are listed in the order they are used in the word For an optional morpheme class use parentheses The easiest way to go about doing these problems is to first find the roots them identify the affixes 1st 2nd 3rd English present tense Singular sg Plural pl I subjective We subjective Me objective Us objective My mine possessive Our ours possessive You subjective You subjective You objective You objective Your yours possessive Your yours possessive He she it subjective They subjective Him her it objective Them objective His her hers its possessive Their theirs possessive Habitual john drinks simple present timeless can be present or past most languages use simple present Presently john is drinking present progressive happening now 1b Allomorphs Allomorphs are any variant forms of a morpheme Ex s plural z z s Remember nothing becomes a schwa it is inserted horsz hors z silibant z z silibant plural s voice silibant z voice silibant Morphologically conditional allomorphs properties of stems and affixes play a role in determining the shape of the word Phonologically conditioned allomorphs when the phonological environment determines which allomorph is used shape allomorphs Taxonomic solution each allomorph is a conditioning factor The simplest one to use when writing a solution Systematic solution pick one allomorph as basic and derive others by means of general phonological rules Uses underlying representation of morpheme 2 Syntax most of the exam will be on morphology but Professor Dryer did mention there may be a simple tree question on the exam In this case you would need to know the constituency tests 2a Constituent One or more words in a sentence that form a unit Sentences are not simply sequences of words Ex The dog is a constituent in the sentence The dog barked written as The dog barked or represented in a tree The dog barked A complex compound compound noun or compound compound Auxilliary helping verb comes before the main verb Ex have do will Word class 8 in Traditional grammar Nouns verbs adjectives adverbs prepositions pronouns conjunctions interjections Ex If you take a grammatical sentence and replace the noun with a different noun and still get a grammatical sentence then it is a word class If you replace dog with chicken the sentence is still grammatically correct Morphology and syntax define a word class Remember Prepositional phrases always contain Noun phrases and Noun phrases can contain Prepositional phrases Nouns can be proper or common nouns Common nouns can be count nouns or mass nouns Verb versus Adjective John is similar to Tom Adj John resembles Tom Verb You can say resemble resembles resembling resembled but you can t use those forms for similar There are a minimal of 4 verb forms ex stare stares staring stared 2b Examples of phrase trees and constituents The cat saw the dogThe big chicken ran across the road S NP VP The big chicken ran across the road Det The N V PP N Constituent Constituent page 142 2 constituency tests Cat Saw The dog page 143 phrase structure rules